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Temperature classification methods can be used successfully to compare insulating materials and to rate insulation systems provided sufficient tests are run to show the interrelation that may exist between materials and provided the test methods can be shown to correlate. Tests on materials alone (not in combination) may give false indications of their thermal capabilities.
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In a very instructive article(l) on Space Science by Homer E. Newell, Director of the Office of Space Sciences of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in Washington, D.C., the following quotation is made, "It has been decided that the United States will press forward vigorously with a manned flight program, with the objective of placing a U.S. astronaut on the moon within this decade...
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Even at this stage of advanced technology it is all too common for design engineers to rely on material manufacturers' literature and claims, on some experience with a similar material to the one intended for use, and on intuition. The most efficient approach to a successful product, however, is still the scientific one. It is quite necessary to have an understanding of the chemistry and physics of...
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Much has been said in the past year and a half concerning the limited usefulness of materials thermal aging tests as compared with the apparent utility of systems tests. In addition, many systems people have strongly opposed any attempt at thermal classification of materials as was once thought possible with the standardized test procedures being brought out by a number of working groups within the...
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As predicted, the revision of AIEE No. 1 "General Principles Upon Which Temperature Limits Are Based In The Rating Of Electric Equipment" by AIEE Co-ordinating Committee No. 4 has resulted in certain abuses for thermal rating of insulating materials, systems, and equipment. These abuses are, in my judgment, not deliberate, but rather result from insufficient basic knowledge of the chemical,...
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Electronic devices embedded in resin are subject to stresses caused by chemical and thermal shrinkage of the resin. At low temperatures, stresses imparted to embedded components may be high enough to affect the performance of the device. A knowledge of the magnitude of these stresses is important in the selection of an embedment resin for a given application.
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With the revision of AIEE Standard No. 1 a few years ago when the insulation systems concept was formalized, many AIEE committees developed test codes for the evaluation of systems of insulation for the types of apparatus within their scope. The new standard has recognized that the suitability of an insulation system, aside from significant thermal consideration, is influenced by the manufacturing...
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In this paper was shall present a summary of the present state-of-the-art pertaining to fluorochemical gases and vapor, and describe some of the properties of these materials which are of particular interest in relation to the design of transformers and the packaging of these and other components as parts of electronic systems. The concluding portion of the paper will be devoted to practical examples...
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Low loss metallized polycarbonate lacquer film capacitors can offer new dimensions in the field of high quality miniaturized components. The size of these capacitors is comparable with that of metallized cellulose acetate lacquer film capacitors (1,2) now in pilot plant production at Western Electric Company (6,7,8). However, their properties are greatly superior approaching the low loss characteristics...
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High operating voltage, high temperature, high humidity, reduced weight, and reduced volume have combined to demand the most effective use from the various insulations. The application of epoxy resins for the simultaneous impregnation and casting of the coil assembly prior to the insertion of the magnetic core and associated hardware achieve many of the desirable solutions to the various insulating...
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Coatings applied from powders are now serving many insulating and finish applications, particularly on motors and transformers, and the list of uses is expanding. To meet the needs with products which are strong in the most essential performance characteristics, polyester powders have been specially designed to meet integral insulation and protective coating requirements. They are very well suited...
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A unique test method for screening transformer insulation systems was presented in a paper (1) during the 1962 Electrical Insulation Conference. This test method referred to as "Progressive Temperature Testing" was based on increasing the test temperature in finite steps until the insulation system fails. The test temperatures and times were selected in accordance with the Arrhenius(2) relationship...
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The loss in production due to sudden unanticipated equipment failures has conservatively been estimated by numerous experts to cost American industry in excess of three hundred million dollars annually. If this figure seems astounding try to imagine what this cost might be in future years when more and more of the sophisticated automated production and processing plants have replaced present production...
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When repairing rotating equipment in the repair shop, the problem is often not just replacing what was originally in the unit, but in many cases to determine whether some special environment or application caused the failure — and to correct it so that it will not happen again.
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This session is devoted to the insulation probieros in the manufacture and use of transformers. These probieros resuit from the progress in delermining the life of equipment from many viewpoints. New matcrials and ways of using them, processes, quality control, and corona effects, are illustrated as problems in the papers being presented.
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Overloads are a major cause of failure with wound armature rotating equipment. The reason for this is: 1. Rotating equipment, because of the nature of its application is often subjected to mechanical or electrical overloads and thus overheating. 2. The insulation system in a wound armature is subject to large centrifugal forces due to high rotational speeds and/or large diameters.
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Electric machines include essentially rotating and stationary elements, each of which contains conductors, a magnetic circuit and insulation. The electrical insulation determines the reliability to a marked degree. The insulation structure is complex in nature wherein the various parts are required to withstand mechanical, dielectric and thermal stresses. The nature of the stress depends upon operating...
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Industrial competition today is placing ever increasing pressures on the manufacturing industry to produce quality products at reduced cost. The market continues to be flooded with variations of the different products, each trying to catch the eye of the buyer either through appearance or some outstanding feature. Imports from foreign countries have contributed to this condition by lower prices through...
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In today's electro-atomic-aerospace atmosphere, continued demands are being placed on industry for ultra performance materials. One step forward in our quest for such materials is the development of diphenyl oxide derivatives. The use of the basic building block diphenyl oxide is not new. It has served as a component in Dowtherm ® heat transfer agents for many years. The new accomplishment is the...
