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This paper presents a model to optimally select and operate energy storage devices attached to renewable energy generators connected to power distribution systems. The purpose is to supply a load during specific periods, considering the intermittence of the renewable energy resources and variable electricity rates. Thus, it was developed a database containing information obtained from catalogs of...
Data centers are becoming a significant energy consumer. Server workload, cooling, and supporting infrastructure represents large loads for the grid. This paper intends to present a comprehensive literature review that account for generation, loads, storage, and topology of data centers. It is shown that green data centers are emerging which incorporate renewable energy sources to cap their carbon...
Charging control strategies can significantly alleviate the impact of electric vehicles (EVs) to power systems, as well as utilize the flexibility of EV charging to achieve extra benefits. This paper proposes an EV charging control strategy to achieve valley-filling using EV charging load. The strategy consists of system-level control and supporting control for the charging of individual EVs. The...
This paper proposes an effective control scheme to improve the transient behavior of VSC-based energy storage systems facing energy saturations. This control is aimed to reduce abrupt transients following energy saturations of the storage device. The WSCC 9-bus test system is used for validating and discussing the proposed controller. In particular, the dynamic response of a battery energy storage...
This paper investigates the optimal charging strategy for a plug-in electric taxi (PET) to maximize its operating profit by choosing proper charging slots, subject to uncertain electricity prices and time-varying incomes. As PET consumes more electricity and possesses different charging behaviors from the widely studied private electric vehicles, this problem deserves special treatment. First, in...
This paper describes a method for trip-purpose based modeling Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) travel profiles to be used in estimating charging load times and durations. The method uses concepts from Activity-Based Travel Demand modeling to schedule PEV driver activities resulting in driving times and durations, from which the PEV charging profile may be determined (including when the PEV is available...
In this work, the combined effects of cooperation (energy aggregation) and storage in mitigating the fluctuations of renewable energy are examined under the setting of distributed energy generation. While cooperation exploits the diversity of renewable energy generation across space, storage exploits the diversity present across time. The trade-off between these two techniques examined, and the regimes...
This work is part of a project that aims to demonstrate the concept of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) with an operational fleet. A fleet of electric vehicles is operated with the objective of providing regulation services to the grid. The focus of this paper is on the real-time operation of the fleet. Specifically, given an optimal trajectory for the vehicle state of charge, schemes for distributing the regulation...
The prospects of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in providing clean transportation and supporting renewable electricity is widely discussed in sustainable energy forums worldwide. The battery storage of EVs could be used to address the variability and unpredictability of electricity produced from renewable energy sources like wind in power systems. The EV batteries could be used to charge during periods of...
This paper proposes a real-time Energy Management System (EMS) for a low voltage (LV) Microgrid (MG). The system operation consists in solving the Unit Commitment (UC) and Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) simultaneously for 24 hours ahead at every 15-minute period. This operation is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem where the minimization of operational cost, total emissions and power...
The addition of renewable energy to the existing power system introduces several complexities. With increased penetration of wind energy there are power balancing and frequency issues that come into existence. A hybrid energy storage application towards smoothing the power output from a wind generator and a frequency domain based sizing of the same is done in this paper. The sizing also considers...
Distributed storages have been widely used and studied recently, including batteries and demand side resources, with the development of distributed energy resources (DERs). Each distributed storage has small capacity but the number of all distributed storages is very large, so it is not practical for an independent system operator (ISO) to dispatch these distributed storages directly. A storage aggregator...
This paper presents the implementation of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for integration of solar PV generation with batteries on an active power distribution system, i.e. micro-grid. Here, the discrete-time finite-horizon optimal control problem associated to the MPC is presented as a non- convex optimization problem. Then, this control problem is solved by utilization of a convexification...
Different batteries have been evaluated to check their capability in Electric vehicles. This paper performs evaluation on 30 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate battery cells from Gold Peak. Different tests (charge- discharge cycle, fast charging test, realistic load test) were done on the battery cells. The tests were done at ±0.0°C, +20.0°C, +40.0°C. Current, voltage, and temperature were recorded throughout...
A standalone microgrid system consisting of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) array, diesel engine driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a battery energy storage system (BESS) is analyzed with a composite observer (CO) based control methodology. The PV array fed boost converter is controlled for providing the maximum power of the SPV array at any given temperature and insolation level...
Demand side response (DSR) is expected to bring benefits in lowering or deferring energy costs, deferring network infrastructure investment and reducing customers' bills. However, very little evidence to suggest DSR can perform as expected. Therefore, this paper for the first time assesses the differences between realistic and expected DSR performance for domestic customers. In detail, it compares...
This paper presents an algorithm for determining an optimum size of Energy Storage System (ESS) via the principles of exhaustive search for the purpose of local-level load shifting including peak shaving (PS) and load leveling (LL) operations in the electric power system. An exhaustive search method is employed to perform the ESS capacity (QESS) and power (PESS) optimization. The sizing process involves...
To accommodate the fast power fluctuations associated with PV generation, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and super-capacitor is evaluated in this paper. A probabilistic approach for determining the power capacity specification for the HESS is proposed. This method would allow the capacities of the BESS and super-capacitor to be properly designed...
In order to support sustainability, a large variety of secondary batteries are necessary, each of which is a battery pack composed of many cells connected in series and parallel. Such battery packs must have connections suitable to its application; however, optimality cannot be claimed deterministically in the design stage, since battery behavior heavily depends on the environment of usage and the...
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), with their flexible and fast-ramping capabilities, can provide multiple benefits to electric power grids and could become a key solution for grid stabilization and integration of higher share of renewable energy sources. However, the deployment of large-scale BESSs is hindered by several uncertainties due to their relatively high capital costs, and to the difficulty...
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