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This panel session paper speculates on new computer applications that may become feasible because of increasing installation of phasor measurement units (PMU) in the high voltage power grid. Some of these applications are already being experimented with — like oscillation detection and dynamic state estimation. Most of these applications are ‘open loop’ and are used as advisory tools or analytical...
The intent of this paper is to present a tutorial overview of high-performance computing (HPC) and its application to solving power system problems. The emphasis is on the trend of multi-core HPC computers and on the need for parallel computing to utilize these computers. Following the introduction of the concept of HPC, several types of HPC hardware and software are presented. HPC programming tools...
In this paper a new parameter — Observability Level Assessment (OLA) — is introduced and defined. The parameter can be used to determine the observability of an electrical network. The defined five levels of the OLA index provide statements if the Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) have been placed in a sufficient number and if optimal measuring sites in the grid have been chosen. Therefore, the OLA index...
This paper proposes a state estimation algorithm for the monitoring of topological changes in distribution networks, using real measurements at substations, pseudo measurements at load and distributed generation buses, and zero injections at transition buses. This is accomplished by a generalized state estimation formulation, based on a weighted least squares approach with equality constraints, which...
This paper proposes a practical approach to incorporate Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices and synchronized phasor measurements into a Weighted Least Squares (WLS) state estimation algorithm. The FACTS devices included in the estimator are the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). Phasor measurements of currents and voltages are...
Accurate knowledge of electromechanical states is critical for efficient and reliable control of a power system. This paper proposes a particle filtering approach to estimate the electromechanical states of power systems from Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data. Without having to go through a laborious linearization procedure, the proposed particle filtering techniques can estimate states of a complex...
This panel paper discusses the use of a state estimation method for real time monitoring and control of a distribution feeder. The paper focuses on the use of a branch current based state estimation (BCSE) method that is developed for this purpose. The paper summarizes the properties of the method and its use when new data from various field devices become available such as Advanced Meeting Infrastructures.
System frequency is an indicator of system integrity. Bus frequencies are reliable indicators of power system islands and system separation points. Frequency information is also very important during the black-start and system restoration following break-ups; phasor data can be used to bring equipment back into service without risking stability or unsuccessful reclosing attempts. Phasor Measurement...
This paper deals with the performance of the wide-area monitoring previously proposed by the authors in [1], [2] for early detection of voltage instability, when a limited number of synchronized phasor measurements is available. This sensitivity-based scheme assumed that phasor measurements are sufficient in number and location for a state estimator to determine the voltages at all buses of the region...
This paper presents a Multi-Area State Estimation strategy suited to interconnected networks that incorporates the traditional external equivalent technique into the model. Given the relevance of external and boundary systems modeled to wide area state estimation precision, this paper demonstrates the potential of synchrophasors to provide more precise external modeling and yield better internal and...
There has been a growing literature on the malicious data attack (or data injection attack) on power systems. Most existing work focuses on the DC (linear) model with linear state estimators. This paper examines the effects of nonlinearity in the power systems on the effectiveness of malicious data attack on state estimation and real-time market. It is demonstrated that attack algorithms designed...
This presentation will describe field experience in the implementation of the distributed state estimator. The distributed state estimator (or otherwise named the SuperCalibrator) extracts the dynamic real time model of an electric power system using phasor measurement unit (PMU) data (GPS-synchronized) and other SCADA data that are available in substations. The method utilizes frequency and rate...
State Estimator (SE) relies on measurements for good solution. There are various aspects to modeling a load in Sate Estimation. Whenever measurements are not available due to loss of telemetry there is a need to substitute those measurements with some pseudo measurements. Further, in situations where it is not possible to have a measurement there is a need for pseudo measurements to improve the observability...
Modeling of loads in energy management system (EMS) impacts significantly the robustness and quality of state estimator solution. Loads are traditionally used as pseudo measurements to fill in for unavailable real-time analog telemetry in order to provide required observability for state estimator to solve. The quality of load model also directly impacts the quality of state estimator and power flow...
Interconnection of Distributed Generation (DG) using renewable resources to the distribution networks in on the rise. Distribution grids having DG interconnections at higher penetration levels are challenged for more accurate monitoring and controls. In this paper a novel approach and a theoretical formulation of state estimation is proposed for distribution grids with Renewable Energy Sources (RES)...
A two-level system-wide AVC system based on optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) is proposed. The architecture of this two-level system-wide AVC system is different from the popular three-level hierarchical structure in that it is implemented centralized. One distinguished feature of the described AVC system is that it does not require the need of performing zone division and it can automatically adapt...
This paper presents a series of optimization models for Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement with new considerations. Extended from the formulations based on integer linear programming, issues concerning uncertainty propagation are discussed and an improved model is proposed to alleviate the impact. Furthermore, as it is more valuable in practice with incrementally placing PMUs, a multistage installation...
The application of synchronized phasor measurements for system monitoring and control is receiving unparalleled attention in the power industry. The availability of synchronized phasor measurements data in real-time offer unprecedented opportunities for control centre applications to expand the visibility and improve the quality of output results. In that respect, British Columbia Hydro (BC Hydro)...
Entergy, through its American Recovery and Reinvestment Act — Smart Grid Investment Grant, is leveraging the achievements and experience of their existing prototype phasor system and creating a new wide-area monitoring system with advanced decision support tools and visual graphics to assist in the management and surveillance of the Entergy grid. This paper introduces the topics for presentation at...
With the role of state estimation in energy management systems gaining weight every day, the demand for its accountability is an imperative, to say the least. The reliability of the network database is thus a key factor. This paper employs the two bus π equivalent model for every line in the power network to approach the network parameter estimation problem. The network π model is known to combine...
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