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A large microgrid project is nearing completion at Alameda County's twenty-two-year-old 45 ha 4,000-inmate Santa Rita Jail, about 70 km east of San Francisco. Often described as a green prison, it has a considerable installed base of distributed energy resources (DER) including an eight-year old 1.2 MW PV array, a five-year old 1 MW fuel cell with heat recovery, and considerable efficiency investments...
PJM uses a Loss of Load Expectation criterion for determining the Installed Reserve Margin for the PJM region and Capacity Emergency Transfer Objective for the sub-regions. Power flow analysis is used to determine Capacity Emergency Transfer Limits for the sub-regions. These parameters form key inputs to the PJM Capacity Market. After reviewing several capacity market models with the stakeholders,...
Conventionally, transmission assets are treated as static assets for short-run operations. Topology control exploits the flexibility of the grid topology to allow for improvement in dispatch efficiency. While previous work on optimal transmission switching examines this concept in a DC setting, this paper examines transmission switching for the ACOPF and its impact on parameters like voltage magnitude...
This paper presents a dynamic reserve determination method that can be applied to operations in order to facilitate renewable integration. The method is applied to a realistic system model and incorporates a multiple settlement process that includes a day-ahead unit commitment cycle, an hour-ahead cycle, and a real-time 5-minute cycle. By inserting dynamic reserve determination in the hour-ahead cycle,...
This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the environmental impact of wind generation penetration into electrical power system. A set of historical wind speed data is used to obtain different wind speed clusters which are used by Monte-Carlo Simulations to generate different daily wind speed profiles-scenarios. The Forward Selection algorithm is used to obtain a reduced set of scenarios. These...
Risk Limiting Dispatch (RLD) is a new framework that integrates complex inputs and allows decision makers to balance tradeoffs and quantify benefits from increased flexibility and improved forecasting. This paper describes a process of forward-contracting for production capacity while considering the full range of operational uncertainties in generation, demand, forecasts, prices, and the risks of...
This paper examines a number of alternate business cases for Microgrids based on a variety of benefits that Microgrids have been reported to provide. The authors draw on proven methodologies for quantifying benefits and demonstrate how provision of services relating to social/environmental and technical benefits can support an economic business case for Microgrid development. The benefits are viewed...
In recent years many electric power grids, including the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), have seen a growing percentage of total energy coming from variable generation resources. In ERCOT, Wind-powered Generation Resources (WGRs) have been the primary source of this growth. As the penetration has increased, the influence of WGRs on market prices has also become more prevalent. This...
In Japan, renewable energies such as photovoltaic cells and wind power are being installed with increasing speed. But such generators may influence to the stability of the electric system. To enhance the introduction of renewable energies, we have to reduce the influence to the stability of the electric system. It is important to make a good use of distributed generations such as gas engines to reduce...
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