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The primary structure of γ-bungarotoxin, a new toxin from Bungarus multicinctus venom, was determined using mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. The toxin has a mass of 7524.7 D and consists of 68 residues having the following sequence: MQCKTCSFYT CPNSETCPDG KNICVKRSWT AVRGDGPKRE IRRECAATCP PSKLGLTVFC CTTDNCNH. γ-bungarotoxin is structurally similar to both κ-bungarotoxin and elapid long postsynaptic...
To elucidate the responsible toxic components of grass carp bile, the bile salt 5α-cyprinol sulfate and its desalted form 5α-cyprinol from grass carp bile were purified and identified by analyses of infrared spectrum, 1 H-, 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and mass spectrum. The toxicity of grass carp bile powder, butanol extract of grass carp bile powder, 5α-cyprinol and...
This literature review summarizes relevant information and recent progress regarding the scientific investigations of taxine alkaloids. Taxines are the active, poisonous constituents in yew plants (Taxus spp.) and have been implicated in animal and human poisonings. Several taxine alkaloids have been isolated and characterized through the use of high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy,...
Water extracts from the brackishwater clam (Corbicula japonica) are lethal to mice upon i.v. injection. Further mouse assays confirmed that the toxicity exhibits a regional variation but no seasonal or sexual variations. The C. japonica toxin was purified from foot muscle, the most toxic tissue, successively by hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200, hydrophobic...
This paper presents the first data on the identification, characterization and quantification of microcystins isolated from both an extract of a cyanobacteria natural bloom, collected from a eutrophic Moroccan reservoir (Lalla Takerkoust, Marrakesh) and an isolated strain cultivated under laboratory conditions. The isolation and purification of toxins was performed by reverse phase HPLC and then characterized...
The occurrence of cyanobacteria in many water bodies where crayfish such as Procambarus clarkii are abundant leads to the possibility of toxin accumulation and food chain transfer. This paper describes the accumulation and depuration of microcystins from a microcystin and a non-microcystin producing strain of Microcystis aeruginosa, on the survivorship, growth and nutritional status of P. clarkii...
Sage (Salvia libanotica) is an East Mediterranean plant, the extract of which is used for the treatment of colds, coughs, and stomach ache. Experimental studies on the toxicity of its oil are scarce despite its wide use in traditional medicine. This study aims to provide data on its acute toxicity and to investigate the relationship between seasonal changes in oil composition and toxicity. The composition...
Benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Prorocentrum are common in tropical and subtropical water and several species produce phycotoxins potentially involved in human toxic outbreaks. The toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum borbonicum collected at La Reunion Island (France) was cultured in laboratory. A crude extract of the organism displayed significant toxicity in mice characterized by progressive limb...
The toxicities and uptake mechanisms of two hepatotoxins, namely cylindrospermopsin and lophyrotomin, were investigated on primary rat hepatocytes by using microcystin-LR (a well-known hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria) as a comparison. Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with different concentrations of hepatotoxins for 0, 24, 48 and 72h. The cell viability was assayed by the tetrazolium-based...
Microcystin-LR, a specific and potent hepatotoxin, was tested for its effects on loach embryo-larval and juvenile development. The results of this study showed that loach embryos were more sensitive when exposed to microcystin-LR at a later than at an earlier stage of development. Juveniles were far less sensitive to MC-LR than were embryos and larvae. Mortality and developmental abnormality were...
Brachycephalus ephippium is a diurnal frog, that shows aposematic colouration and inhabits Atlantic forest leaf litter in south-eastern Brazil. The presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the skin, liver and ovaries of B. ephippium was demonstrated. The skin (260M.U./g) exhibited the highest toxicity followed by liver (177M.U./g). TTX and its analogues, tetrodonic acid, 4-epitetrodotoxin and 4,9 anhydrotetrodotoxin...
The toxicity of the Thailand and Middle-Asian cobra venoms as well as of their isolated components (neurotoxins, cytotoxins, phospholipases and some others) for cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa was studied. It was found that, as compared to mammals, cockroaches are more resistant to cobra venoms and their components. At intraabdominal injection the most toxic for cockroaches were cytotoxins (LD...
The toxins in the new gastropods Oliva miniacea, O. mustelina and O. nirasei implicated in a food paralytic poisoning incident in South Taiwan in Feburary 2002 were studied. It was found that the three species of gastropods contained moderate amounts of toxin in edible portion only, and the highest toxicity score was 18MU/g for O. miniacea, 10MU/g for O. mustelina, and 27MU/g for O. nirasei. The toxin...
C57Bl/6J and BALB/cAnN inbred strains of mice differed significantly in mortality and symptoms when intoxicated subcutaneously with one LD 50 of venom from Centruroides limpidus limpidus. Higher mortality was observed in C57Bl/6J than in BALB/cAnN. Also, C57Bl/6J mice more quickly developed muscular and respiratory collapse whilst BALB/cAnN mice were hyperactive before dying. Also, the...
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a freshwater cyanobacterium of tropical origin, is not only increasingly found in (sub) tropical water bodies, but also in temperate regions. Since this species may produce potent toxins such as cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and paralytic shellfish poisons, its massive occurrence in water bodies used as drinking water sources or for recreation is of major concern. The proliferation...
The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis lenticularis hosts a variety of symbiont bacterial flora. Laboratory cultured Ostreopsis clones require the presence of symbiotic Pseudomonas/Alteromonas bacterial strains for growth and toxicity development. Three culturable bacterial strains associated with Ostreopsis were identified as Pseudomonas/Alteromonas strain 1, Pseudomonas/Alteromonas strain 2...
We have developed a simple and effective method for isolating pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) from Dinophysis cells collected from a natural bloom. A two-step extraction procedure followed by two column chromatography steps produced PTX-2 in high purity suitable for use as an analytical standard and for toxicological studies. Incubation of purified PTX-2 with the supernatant from ultracentrifuged blue (Mytilus...
Cyanobacteria including genus Oscillatoria are known to release toxins into waterbodies. To study the occurrence of toxic blooms in Lake Nantua, the Planktothrix rubescens species (Oscillatoria rubescens) was considered. At the same time, some physicochemical parameters were analysed to estimate their impact on toxin production. The investigations were conducted during summertime and the highest toxin...
Nitrogen (N) supply in pulses was simulated by exposing Alexandrium tamarense which was acclimatized at low N concentration (6μM-N) to sudden increase in concentrations of nitrate, ammonium and urea, and the variability in toxicity due to nutrient status of A. tamarense was examined. The toxin composition did not vary dramatically among the three N sources, however, ammonium induced the highest concentration...
The intact Adda was isolated from microcystin-LR by a microbial degradation using an isolated Sphingomonas strain, B-9. The reaction of microcystin-LR with cell extract of this strain proceeded smoothly to give the final degradation product by way of two intermediates, linearized microcystin-LR and a tetrapeptide. The purified Adda that was structurally characterized using various spectral data did...
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