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Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), the principal myotoxin of Bothrops jararacussu venom, is devoid of phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity but capable of blocking neuromuscular transmission in mouse nerve-muscle preparations. In this study, the ability of crotoxin antiserum and heparin in preventing the neurotoxic and myotoxic effects of BthTX-I was investigated. Phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations...
The pharmacological and biochemical isolation of cnidarian venoms has been hindered by difficulties with both extracting pure venom from nematocysts and venom stability. The development of a new technique to extract active, pure venom of Chironex fleckeri and Chiropsalmus sp. has enabled identify both neurotoxic and myotoxic activity in their venoms. These activities are similar, but not identical...
Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom was purified by a combination of molecular exclusion chromatography (Superdex 75 column) and HPLC molecular exclusion (Protein Pack 300SW column). Neurotoxic and myotoxic effects from C. durissus cascavella whole venom and its main fraction, the crotoxin-like, were studied in the chick biventer cervicis (CBC) nerve-muscle preparation. Both venom and...
This study was aimed to determine the role of nitric oxide on the skeletal myotoxic activity induced by crotoxin, the major component of the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. Rats were treated with N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase or vehicle for 4 days, and on the 5th day received an intramuscular injection of crotoxin into...
Neurotoxicity is rarely seen following human systemic envenoming by Australasian black snakes (genus Pseudechis) with myotoxicity being the most prominent feature following bites by some species. This study investigated the in vitro myotoxicity of venoms from seven species of Australasian Pseudechis and determined the efficacy of CSL black and tiger snake antivenoms.All Pseudechis venoms (10μg/ml)...
Lachesis genus is one of the less studied among others from Viperidae's genera, mainly due to difficulties in obtaining the venom. Accidents by Lachesis snakes cause severe envenoming syndrome, eventually leading victims to shock. This work is part of a comprehensive study aimed at studying the venom and its effects. Herein the neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of L. muta muta venom were investigated...
The whole venom of Lachesis muta muta is preponderantly neurotoxic but moderately myotoxic on the chick biventer cervicis preparation (BCp). We have now examined these toxic activities of a basic phospholipase A 2 , LmTX-I, isolated from the whole venom. LmTX-I caused a significant concentration–dependent neuromuscular blockade in the BCp. The time to produce 50% neuromuscular blockade was...
This article reports the purification procedure and the biochemical/functional characterization of Bp-PLA 2 , a new myotoxic acidic phospholipase A 2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. It was highly purified through three chromatographic steps (ion-exchange on CM-Sepharose, hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose and RP-HPLC on a C8 column). Bp-PLA 2 is a single-chain...
Despite preventing death after snakebites, there is little evidence that polyvalent antivenoms (PAVs) protect against myotoxicity and local damages. We evaluated antibothropic Brazilian PAVs from three manufacturers against the myotoxicity and hemorrhagic activity of Bothrops jararacussu and B. jararaca venoms, respectively, by using two protocols: preincubation of PAVs with venom, and i.v. pretreatment...
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) have been extensively studied and their effects associated with the local bleeding observed in human accidents by viper snakes. Representatives of P-I and P-III classes of SVMPs similarly hydrolyze extracellular matrix proteins or coagulation factors while only P-III SVMPs induce significant hemorrhage in experimental models. In this work, the effects of P-I...
Many isolated compounds from endophytic fungus have been useful to human beings, mainly those with medicinal applications and particularly those that can be used in inflammatory processes. Trichoderma fungi produce substances known as koninginins that have great structural similarity to compounds like flavonoids and vitamin E, which are able to inhibit the phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ...
We investigated the myotoxicity of Bothrops jararacussu crude venom and other cytolytic agents on mouse isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles, which present distinct properties: EDL is a fast-twitch, white muscle with predominantly glycolytic fibers, while SOL is slow-twitch, red muscle with predominantly oxidative fibers. Muscles were exposed to B. jararacussu crude venom...
A murine model of venom-induced myotoxicity was used to assess the antimyotoxic capacity of a polyvalent antivenom (PAV), rich in F(ab')2 fragments, obtained from horses immunized with Bitis venoms. Intramuscular (i.m.) injection of Bitis rhinoceros, Bitis arietans or Bitis nasicornis into mice induced a time- and dose-dependent increase in plasma CK activity. The area under the plasma CK activity...
Venom (10–100 μg/ml) from Bothrops alcatraz, a pitviper from the Alcatrazes Archipelago off the coast of southeastern Brazil, caused progressive, irreversible neuromuscular blockade in chick isolated biventer cervicis preparations. The venom also inhibited contractures to exogenous ACh (110 μM) and KCl (20 mM), caused myofiber damage and increased creatine kinase release. Commercial bothropic antivenom...
Micrurus venoms are essentially neurotoxic but other activities, such as myotoxicity, may be apparent under experimental conditions. Although this myotoxicity has been occasionally reported, there are no studies addressing it systematically across the genus, particularly in its relationship to other systemic manifestations such as renal impairment. The lethal potency of Micrurus fulvius, Micrurus...
The aim of this study was the isolation of the LAAO from Lachesis muta venom (LmLAAO) and its biochemical, functional and structural characterization. Two different purification protocols were developed and both provided highly homogeneous and active LmLAAO. It is a homodimeric enzyme with molar mass around 120 kDa under non-reducing conditions, 60 kDa under reducing conditions in SDS-PAGE and 60852 Da...
Phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 s) are abundant components of snake venoms, where they play toxic and digestive roles. Despite having a similar three-dimensional structure, venom PLA 2 s exert an amazing variety of toxic and pharmacological effects, which include neurotoxic, myotoxic, hemolytic, edematogenic, hyperalgesic, pro-inflammatory, hypotensive, platelet-aggregation inhibitory,...
Myotoxicity, one of the most relevant local manifestations in envenomation by Bothrops genus, may result from a direct action of myotoxins or be due to an indirect vascular degeneration and ischemia. Baltergin, a snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), isolated from Bothrops alternatus venom has been used to obtain monospecific IgG, in order to determine the relative role of toxin in myotoxicity induced...
In this work we evaluated the ability of suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea derivative, to antagonize the cytotoxic and enzymatic effects of the crude venom of Apis mellifera. Suramin was efficient to decrease the lethality in a dose-dependent way. The hemoconcentration caused by lethal dose injection of bee venom was abolished by suramin (30 μg/g). The edematogenic activity of the venom (0.3 μg/g)...
In the present work we investigated the toxic activities of two Bothrops snake venoms using in vivo and in vitro experimental protocols in mice and tested the protective effect of dexamethasone (DEXA) in different conditions, comparing it with the polyvalent antivenom. We also expanded the investigations on the antiophidic effect of the Eclipta prostrata (EP) crude extract.The administration of Bothrops...
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