Remote Sensing of Environment

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A Remote Sensing Based Vegetation Classification Logic for Global Land Cover Analysis

Steven W. Running, Thomas R. Loveland, Lars L. Pierce, R. R. Nemani, more

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 39-48

This article proposes a simple new logic for classifying global vegetation. The critical features of this classification are that 1) it is based on simple, observable, unambiguous characteristics of vegetation structure that are important to ecosystem biogeochemistry and can be measured in the field for validation, 2) the structural characteristics are remotely sensible so that repeatable and efficient...

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Land-Cover Classification and Estimation of Terrain Attributes Using Synthetic Aperture Radar

M. Craig Dobson, Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Leland E. Pierce

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 199-214

This paper presents progress toward a geophysical and biophysical information processor for synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This processor operates in a sequential fashion to first classify terrain according to structural attributes and then apply class-specific retrievals for geophysical and biophysical properties. Structural and electrical attributes control the radar backscattering from terrain...

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Recent Data and Information System Initiatives for Remotely Sensed Measurements of the Land Surface

C. O. Justice, G. B. Bailey, M. E. Maiden, D. E. Strebel, more

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 235-244

As part of the International Satellite Land Satellite Climatology Program (ISLSCP) Workshop on Remote Sensing of the Land Surface for Studies of Global Change, five invited presentations were given on recent data initiatives relevant to the ISLSCP community. The presentations are summarized in this paper along with some observations by the authors on data systems for the land sciences community....

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Remote Sensing of the Land Surface for Studies of Global Change: Models -- Algorithms -- Experiments

P. J. Sellers, B. W. Meeson, F. G. Hall, G. Asrar, more

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 3-26

The ISLSCP Workshop was held in Columbia, Maryland, 23-26 June 1992 with over 240 scientists and science managers attending. The goal was to assess the progress of the last decade in the areas of modeling, satellite data algorithm development, and field experiments. This article includes:1. A review of the state and direction of biosphere-atmosphere model development and an assessment of the data...

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A Review of Satellite Methods to Derive Surface Shortwave Irradiance

R. T. Pinker, R. Frouin, Z. Li

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 108-124

Shortwave radiative fluxes at the earth's surface are of primary interest in climate research because they control the total energy exchange between the atmosphere and the land/ocean surface. Information on these fluxes is needed on a global scale, and therefore, has to be obtained by methods of remote sensing from observations made with instruments carried on satellites. The primary objective of...

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Land-Atmosphere Interactions for Climate System Models: Coupling Biophysical, Biogeochemical, and Ecosystem Dynamical Processes

Gordon B. Bonan

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 57-73

The biogeographical distribution of different vegetation types and the physiological status of vegetation are significant controls of energy, water, and CO ₂ exchanges between land surfaces and the atmosphere. These exchanges affect local, regional, and global climates, which feedback to affect the biogeography and physiology of the vegetation. Consequently, there is interest in developing...

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Geographical, Biological and Remote Sensing Aspects of the Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot Experiment in the Sahel (HAPEX-Sahel)

S. D. Prince, E. T. Engman, P. Sellers, Y. H. Kerr, more

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 215-234

HAPEX Sahel (Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot Experiment in the Sahel) was an international program focused on the soil-plant-atmosphere energy, water and carbon balance in the west African Sahel. It was intended to improve our understanding of the interaction between the Sahel and the general atmospheric circulation, both at present and in the future, providing a base line for studies of climate change...

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Optical Remote Sensing of Vegetation: Modeling, Caveats, and Algorithms

R. B. Myneni, J. L. Privette, D. S. Kimes, D. L. Williams, more

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 169-188

The state-of-the-art on radiative transfer modeling in vegetation canopies and the application of such models to the interpretation and analysis of remotely sensed optical data is summarized. Modeling of top-of-the-atmosphere and top-of-the-canopy radiance field is developed as boundary value problems in radiative transfer. The parameterization of the constituent functions with simple models and//...

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Estimating Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) at the Earth's Surface from Satellite Observations

Robert Frouin, Rachel T. Pinker

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 98-107

Current satellite algorithms to estimate photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at the Earth's surface are reviewed, and selected results are presented. PAR can be obtained directly from top-of-atmosphere solar radiance, which is used to determine the transmissivity of the atmosphere. Since clouds do not absorb significantly at PAR wavelengths, the radiative transfer modeling is generally simplified...

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Algorithms for Extracting Information from Remote Thermal-IR Observations of the Earth's Surface

J. M. Norman, M. Divakarla, N. S. Goel

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 157-168

Thermal infrared remote sensing offers the possibility of monitoring the surface energy budget on regional and global scales. However, thermal observations have had limited utility because of difficulties associated with unknown surface emissivities, challenging atmospheric corrections, and the presence of numerous variables that affect the relationship between thermal radiance and the partitioning...

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Status of Microwave Soil Moisture Measurements with Remote Sensing

Edwin T. Engman, Narinder Chauhan

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 189-198

Active and passive microwave remote sensing techniques have demonstrated their potential for measurements of soil moisture. However, the soil moisture response from them is coupled to vegetation and surface roughness effects, and therefore the interaction among all three needs to be understood. This paper reviews the progress made in the measurement of soil moisture and the factors such as vegetation...

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The Status of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimation over Land

Grant W. Petty

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 125-137

During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in the area of rainfall estimation from space. The purpose of this paper is to provide land surface scientists with a broad overview of that progress, to highlight what is known about the performance of current rainfall estimation techniques, and to draw attention to some of the practical developments and instrument improvements anticipated...

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Global Net Primary Production: Combining Ecology and Remote Sensing

Christopher B. Field, James T. Randerson, Carolyn M. Malmström

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 74-88

Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) is sensitive to a number of controls, including aspects of climate, topography, soils, plant and microbial characteristics, disturbance, and anthropogenic impacts. Yet, at least at the global scale, models based on very different types and numbers of parameters yield similar results. Part of the reason for this is that the major NPP controls influence each...

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Terrestrial Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Estimates with Remote Sensing

David S. Schimel

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 49-56

The carbon and nitrogen cycles are crucial for understanding the changing Earth system, influencing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, primary productivity of the biosphere, and biogenic emissions of reactive trace species. The carbon budget of the terrestrial biosphere has attracted special attention because of its role in atmospheric changes in carbon dioxide. The terrestrial biosphere...

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Land Processes in Climate Models

Robert E. Dickinson

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 27-38

This article reviews conceptually the current state of inclusion of land surface processes in climate models and requirements for further observations. The atmospheric component of the climate model provides inputs of precipitation and incident surface radiation. Atmospheric model parameterizations of moist convection and the planetary boundary layer (PBL) provide important links to land surface...

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Status of Remote Sensing Algorithms for Estimation of Land Surface State Parameters

Forrest G. Hall, John R. Townshend, Edwin T. Engman

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 138-156

Ecosystem process, biosphere-atmosphere transfer, and carbon exchange models all require parameterization of the land surface, including land vegetation cover and soil moisture. Although not yet a demonstrated global capability, the most feasible method for obtaining these parameters and updating them periodically, is satellite remote sensing. In this paper we will summarize our understanding of...

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Surface Longwave Fluxes from Satellite Observations: A Critical Review

Robert G. Ellingson

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 1 > 89-97

Several different techniques have been proposed for estimating the net longwave radiation at the Earth's surface from satellite observations. Many of these show considerable promise over ocean surfaces, although their accuracies are limited to the order to 20-30 W m ^- ² for individual satellite observations given the current uncertainties in satellite estimates of the vertical distribution...

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Modeled and Observed Relations between the AVHRR Split Window Temperature Difference and Atmospheric Precipitable Water over Land Surfaces

Bhaskar J. Choudhury, Timothy J. Dorman, Ann Y. Hsu

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 2 > 281-290

Atmospheric correction to near-infrared reflectances for land surface studies requires information about precipitable water. A relation between the split window temperature difference (ΔT) and atmosphere precipitable water (W) over land surfaces is developed from the radiative transfer equation considering spectral variation of the emissivity. This relation is found to be essentially linear with...

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An Empirical Technique for Estimating Near-Surface Air Temperature Trends in Central Greenland from SSM/I Brightness Temperatures

C. A. Shuman, R. B. Alley, S. Anandakrishnan, C. R. Stearns

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 2 > 245-252

In central Greenland, near-surface air temperatures can be estimated from long-term satellite passive microwave brightness temperatures supported by limited air-temperature data from automatic weather stations. In this region, brightness temperature depends on snow emissivity, which varies slowly over time, and on snow temperature, which varies more rapidly and is controlled by air temperature. ...

article

Effects of Forest Cover, Terrain, and Scale on Timber Volume Estimation with Thematic Mapper Data in a Rocky Mountain Site

F. M. Gemmell

Remote Sensing of Environment > 1995 > 51 > 2 > 291-305

The biophysical basis of the utility of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data to estimate coniferous timber volume was assessed for a mountainous, mixed-conifer species site in southeast British Columbia. Classification of forest inventory polygons with TM data was found to be 78% accurate to within 25% of the inventory volume for stand volumes between 150 m ³ ha ^- ¹ and 300 m ...

INFONA - science communication portal

Remote Sensing of Environment

A Remote Sensing Based Vegetation Classification Logic for Global Land Cover Analysis

Land-Cover Classification and Estimation of Terrain Attributes Using Synthetic Aperture Radar

Recent Data and Information System Initiatives for Remotely Sensed Measurements of the Land Surface

Remote Sensing of the Land Surface for Studies of Global Change: Models -- Algorithms -- Experiments

A Review of Satellite Methods to Derive Surface Shortwave Irradiance

Land-Atmosphere Interactions for Climate System Models: Coupling Biophysical, Biogeochemical, and Ecosystem Dynamical Processes

Geographical, Biological and Remote Sensing Aspects of the Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot Experiment in the Sahel (HAPEX-Sahel)

Optical Remote Sensing of Vegetation: Modeling, Caveats, and Algorithms

Estimating Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) at the Earth's Surface from Satellite Observations

Algorithms for Extracting Information from Remote Thermal-IR Observations of the Earth's Surface

Status of Microwave Soil Moisture Measurements with Remote Sensing

The Status of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimation over Land

Global Net Primary Production: Combining Ecology and Remote Sensing

Terrestrial Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Estimates with Remote Sensing

Land Processes in Climate Models

Status of Remote Sensing Algorithms for Estimation of Land Surface State Parameters

Surface Longwave Fluxes from Satellite Observations: A Critical Review

Modeled and Observed Relations between the AVHRR Split Window Temperature Difference and Atmospheric Precipitable Water over Land Surfaces

An Empirical Technique for Estimating Near-Surface Air Temperature Trends in Central Greenland from SSM/I Brightness Temperatures

Effects of Forest Cover, Terrain, and Scale on Timber Volume Estimation with Thematic Mapper Data in a Rocky Mountain Site

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