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Objective: To evaluate the effect of soy isoflavones and melatonin in relieving menopausal symptoms. Methods: Double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial performed according to a 2x2 factorial design. Treatment groups: (1) soy isoflavones+melatonin; (2) soy isoflavones alone; (3) melatonin alone; (4) placebo. 80 mg of soy isoflavones, 3 mg of pure melatonin or placebo were supplemented to participants...
Objectives: A re-analysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies reported a significant 14% increase in the risk of breast cancer associated with the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Unlike randomized trials, these observational studies varied in design and methods. This study was conducted to explore the impact of study design factors on the rate ratio. Methods: We performed a meta-regression...
Objectives: To search the relation between the level of neopterin in urine and breast cancer developed in menopause. Methods: In this study, urine samples were collected from randomly selected menopausal and post-menopausal women who attended hospital, and from a control group. The participants were classified into two representative sample groups and a control group; 1st group: 30 menopausal and...
Reports from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and the Million Women Study have indicated that postmenopausal hormone therapy increases the risk of breast cancer. At this point in time, it is not certain whether these data reflect a small increase in risk or an impact of hormone therapy on pre-existing tumors. The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the epidemiologic data that can...
Objectives: Postmenopausal hormone therapy (PMH) has been widely used by menopausal women living in western countries for the past several decades. Numerous studies have evaluated the relationship between PMH and breast cancer risk because steroid hormones have been implicated in breast cancer etiology. Methods: A review of selected studies was performed to evaluate the history of investigations of...
Cancer is a genetic disease. Breast cancer tumorigenesis can be described as a multi-step process in which each step is thought to correlate with one or more distinct mutations in major regulatory genes. The question addressed is how far a multi-step progression model for sporadic breast cancer would differ from that for hereditary breast cancer.Hereditary breast cancer is characterized by an inherited...
The relation of hormone use by postmenopausal women to breast cancer risk has been controversial and unclear. A recent large randomized trial, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and a large observational study (Million Women Study) provided somewhat conflicting answers. The WHI found an increased incidence of breast cancer among women given hormone therapy (conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone...
Background: Testosterone therapy is being increasingly used in the management of postmenopausal women. However, as clinical trials have demonstrated a significantly increased risk of breast cancer with oral combined estrogen–progestin therapy, there is a need to ascertain the risk of including testosterone in such regimens. Objective: Evaluation of experimental and epidemiological studies pertaining...
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