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Neural networks were used to correlate and predict the cetane number and the density of diesel fuel from its chemical composition. Cetane number (CN) and density were correlated with 12 hydrocarbon groups in diesel fuel determined by liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In total, 69 diesel fuels were available for this study: 48 diesel fuels were included in...
Particle density plays an important role in the design and operation of thermoconversion reactors fed with bed of particles such as softwood bark (SB). Little information is available on the single particle density of SB and charcoal derived. As SB and softwood char (SC) particles are highly irregular in shape and size, conventional methods of particle density measurement cannot be applied. A method...
This study investigated the deposit structure in terms of the bulk porosity for Australian bituminous coals and blends that were fired in a pilot-scale test furnace. The first part of this study estimated all the deposits bulk porosity using two indirect techniques: a density measurement technique and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a significant difference between the two...
In order to obtain the densities of biodiesel fuels at temperatures up to 300°C, a capacitance type liquid level meter was designed to measure the increase in volume of 50ml of three commercial biodiesel fuels over the temperature range of 20–300°C. Densities were measured for methyl esters of canola and soy and ethyl esters of fish-oil. The frequency output from the meter was linear with temperature...
In this paper, the results of thermomechanical analyses (TMA), dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) on pure linear alkanes and a commercial wax are discussed with the help of structural analyses and differential thermal analyses (DTA) performed at various temperature. Examination of the results show that thermal expansion of pure alkanes is around 10 −4 K −1 at room temperature. It decreases...
Aerosols from combustion sources are of high concern since they present a risk for health and environment. Particle size distribution of aerosols and in particular number size distribution are easily and quickly obtained using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). However, this technique is depending of aerosol density; ρ, which may lead to biased particle size distributions. Aerosol density...
Density of rocket propellant (RP-1 fuel) has been measured with a constant-volume piezometer immersed in a precision liquid thermostat. Measurements were made in the temperature range from 301 to 745K and at pressures up to 60MPa. The uncertainty of density, pressure, and temperature measurements were estimated to be 0.1%, 0.05%, and 15mK, respectively. The measured values of density were compared...
The current work focuses on the study of the influence of pressure and temperature on three important thermodynamic properties: speed of sound, compressibility and density of common diesel fuels. The sample fuels studied were conventional diesel (Repsol Elite), Rape Methyl Ester (typical bio-diesel used in Spain) and a fuel used especially for winter season (Arctic). Speed of sound and densities has...
Biodiesel defined as mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats, has had a considerable development and great acceptance as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Density and viscosity are two important physical properties to affect the utilization of biodiesel as fuel. In this work, mixtures of biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) were used to study the variation of density (ρ)...
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the influence of fuel density and fuel viscosity on the flow characteristics generated from a high pressure Diesel injector, equipped with conical orifices. For this purpose, mass flow rate measurements were performed with nine different fuels over operating conditions from 30 to 180MPa of injection pressure and from 1 to 9MPa of back pressure....
This paper reports experimental thermophysical measurements of a fuel (Shell Normafluid) used for testing and calibrating diesel injection systems and which meets the ISO 4113 specifications. Viscosity was measured from 0.1 to 200MPa and from 293 to 353K, using a falling-body viscometer. Speed of sound measurements were carried out from atmospheric up to 200MPa in the temperature range from 283 to...
A capacitance type densitometer was used to measure the densities of canola, jatropha and soapnut biodiesel and their blends at elevated temperatures and pressures. This densitometer is based on the principle that the capacitance of the liquid is proportional to the dielectric constant, which, in turn, is proportional to the density. Densities were measured from room temperature up to 523K and from...
Biodiesel density is a key parameter in biodiesel simulations and process development. In this work we selected, evaluated and improved two density models; one theoretical (Rackett–Soave) and one empirical (Lapuerta’s method) for methanol based biodiesels (FAME) and ethanol based biodiesel (FAEE). For this purpose, biodiesel was produced from vegetable oils (sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, olive, safflower...
Densities of pure methyl linoleate, usually a significant biodiesel component, as well as densities of a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (purified biodiesel) were measured at pressures between 0.4 and 130MPa and temperatures between 278K and 397K. Measured data were used for fitting parameters of two correlation models and compared to calculated densities using the VTPR (Volume Translated Peng–Robinson)...
Biodiesel can cause performance problems at cold temperatures because of its fatty acid composition. Flow characteristics of biodiesel such as viscosity, density, cloud point and pour point increase as saturated fatty acid content of the lipid material used as a feedstock increases. Beef tallow, due to its high saturated fatty acid content, is not preferred as a feedstock in biodiesel production....
Density is a very important fuel property because it influences production, transportation, and distribution processes as well as all processes that take place in the internal combustion engine. Elaborating models to describe the density of biodiesel–diesel–bioethanol blends with a high content of biofuel facilitates the production of blends that comply with the standard quality requirements for density...
The two components of biodiesel derived from coconut oil or babassu oil such as ethyl laurate and ethyl myristate are studied. The speeds of sound were measured within the temperatures from 293 to 318K and at pressures from 0.1MPa to 101MPa. The densities and heat capacities were measured under atmospheric pressure in the temperature range from 283 to 353K and 286 to 341K, respectively. The densities,...
Density is an important parameter for liquid fuel to correlate the cetane number, heating value and viscosity, and directly influences the fuel injection process. Densities of biodiesel over a wide temperature range up to high temperatures are required for accurate spray and combustion modeling. In this study, densities were predicted for three methyl ester biodiesels from room temperature to 523K...
The viscosity of bitumen is extremely high at ambient temperature and in order to produce and transport the bitumen, it is necessary to reduce its viscosity. One of the methods to reduce the bitumen viscosity is the dilution with liquid solvent. In this manuscript, the density and viscosity of bitumen, tetradecane, and their mixtures at different weight fractions have accurately been measured. The...
Biodiesel has been recognized as a “green fuel”, being the most attractive substitute to the conventional petro-diesel. The unsaturated fatty acids present in biodiesel are susceptible to oxidation. One of the main criteria used for the quality assessment of biodiesel is ‘storage oxidation stability’. Oxidation of the esters during the long-term storage can lead to problems for the utilization of...
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