My aim is to discuss several influences on the development of corneal transplantation. In particular, I wish to emphasise the impact of research on current practice, not just in the general sense but at the level of the individual surgeon-patient encounter. However, science is not the only influence on clinical practice. As in all spheres of human activity, current practice is influenced by the historical path as well as contemporary capability. My second aim is to emphasise the impact of historical and cultural influences on clinical practice and related science.