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Investigations have several aims in heart failure: • to help establish the diagnosis • to find a treatable underlying cause • to estimate the severity and give prognostic information • to guide treatment (and monitor for potential adverse effects of treatment).
Andrew L Clark is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Hull, UK. He qualified from the University of Cambridge and the Westminster Hospital, London, and trained in cardiology at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London and Western Infirmary, Glasgow. His research interests include the pathophysiology of cardiac heart failure and cachexia
John G F Cleland is Professor of Cardiology at the University of Hull, UK. He qualified from the University of Glasgow, and trained in Glasgow and at St Mary's Hospital, London and the Hammersmith Hospital, London. His research interests include heart failure, and primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in cardiovascular disease