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Analyses of the Turkish food, textile and cement sectors reveal that the most efficient sectors are different on energy and exergy bases. A quantitative break-down of exergy losses with respect to process heat, space and water heating, motive power, and illumination requirements indicates that exergy losses are mainly associated with space-, water- and process-heating. In the food and textile sectors,...
Seven energy sources usable for lighting in households have been evaluated against 12 (9 quantitative and 3 qualitative) objectives representing the energy-economy-environmental system using an integrated goal programming-AHP model. Sensitivity analysis has been performed. While photovoltaics, grid electricity, and electricity generated from diesel, biogas and fuel-wood are preferred, the use of...
Heat-transfer characteristics during melting of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 6H 2 O MCHH) have been determined for circular finned- and unfinned-tube systems. The effects of inlet temperature and flow rate of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) on the heat-transfer characteristics have been determined. Heat transfer from the tube to the phase-change material (PCM) is strongly...
There is a wealth of experience among industrialized countries with technologies and policies to increase electricity end-use efficiency. Some developing countries are beginning to adopt these technologies and policies as well. Technologies include efficient residual appliances, HVAC equipment, light, motors and efficient industrial processes. A small number of market failures that limit the acceptance...
Air-polluting emission rates and energy-efficiency ratings vary widely among power plants, depending on location, age and whether the power plant is repowered. Traditional regulations require installation of specified emission control equipment that varies among power plants. These regulations do not specify that utilities first dispatch the cleanest power plants as demand varies from peak to off-peak...
This analysis is concerned with the effect of energy scarcity on economic growth in the U.S. After defining the notion of scarcity and introducing measures of scarcity (unit costs and relative energy price), changes in the trend in resource scarcity for NG, bituminous coal, anthracite coal, and crude oil over the most recent three decades are investigated. Each of the energy resources became a significantly...
Similar to many U.S. utilities, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) faces rapidly increasing local transmission and distribution expenditures and is developing a new local integrated resource planning process to limit these expenditures. PG&E is integrating demand-side management programs with local area expansion plans to reduce load growth and defer expensive local area transmission and distribution...
Agroforestry is an important alternative to modern agriculture and forestry. It is useful in ameliorating environmental degradation, such as desertification and land erosion. During our study on biomass and productivity of agroforestry systems in the North China Plain, we found that agroforestry has a greater potential for storing and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere than has land cultivation...
We propose an economic electricity reliability planning model which includes customer outage costs (COCs). The objective is to select transmission and distribution (T&D) planning projects which minimize the total costs of providing service in the T&D system. Total costs include both traditional labor and material costs of a T&D project and customer outage costs. We apply this model...
The excellent thermodynamic performance offered by cogeneration plants indicates that cogeneration is an attractive means of meeting the energy needs of industry and that it can contribute significantly to the efficient use of energy. In developing countries, particularly those with scarce energy resources and with limited national financial resources for providing the much needed energy for socio-economic...
Heat-transfer irreversibilities are included in the analysis of the ideal absorption refrigeration cycle working with three heat reservoirs. An expression is obtained for the maximum cooling capacity of the cycle in terms of four non-dimensional design and operating variables. The condition for the maximum cooling capacity depends only on the temperature ratios. The design variables for the parametric...
Lighting, primarily with incandescent bulbs, is the major end use of electricity in Mexican homes. The introduction of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) could significantly reduce electricity use in lighting. We describe a survey of lighting use in homes of Guadalajara and Monterrey, Mexico, that was conducted to provide information to determine the potential for CFLs. The results show that 16 of...
Extending time horizons for energy analysis increases both the cumulative effect of gradual structural changes and the likelihood of revolutionary innovations, on scales ranging from individual end-use sectors or regions to the entire global economy. Distinguishing features of long-term modeling therefore include technological change (e.g., new technologies or factor substitution), shifts in energy...
As part of its acid rain program, the U.S. EPA has established a system of tradable SO 2 emission allowances. The regulations also permit electric utilities to earn emission allowances through conservation programs. The utility may verify the savings with Conservation Verification Protocols (CVPs) . Use of the CVPs encourages monitoring and establishes a consistent procedure for evaluating...
The present U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) policy for disposal of spent fuel from commercial light water reactors (LWRs) is based on direct disposal of unprocessed, Zircaloy-clad spent fuel rods within metallic canisters in a geologic repository. This strategy has serious technical flaws that may result in unacceptable long-term proliferation risks and radiological consequences. The proposed multi-purpose,...
A heat-pump system for heat recovery at substations is analysed. The analysis and test results show that the system yields substantial energy savings and reduces pollution.
We examine implications of electric cooking as a demand-side management (DSM) option for power development plans, as well as emission of pollutants, for the predominantly hydroelectric utility of Nepal. Options considered include seasonal and year-round electric cooking with high- and low-efficiency appliances. For both types of appliances, seasonal electric cooking is economically and environmentally...
Based on the thermodynamic properties of HCFC123 obtained by using a modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equation of state fit to experimental measurements, the theoretical performance of HCFC123 has been assessed as an alternative to CFC11 by using standard refrigeration parameters, including pressure ratio, specific compressor displacement, coefficient of performance, and shaft power. This study...
Results of a comprehensive survey of residential sector energy use in the second largest urban center in the Philippines are presented. A total of 603 households were interviewed regarding their energy consumption and purchase patterns, fuel-switching history, and reasons for fuel-choice selection. LPG and fuelwood are the most widely-used cooking fuels in the residential sector, followed in importance...
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