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Exosomes are part of the family of “bioactive vesicles” and appear to be involved in distal communications between cells. They vehiculate bioactive lipids and lipolytic enzymes and their biogenesis require specific lipids and a membrane reorganisation. Their biogenesis pathway could be a way to secrete enzymes involved in lipid signalling and to generate “particulate agonists”. However, this pathway...
Interferons-α (IFN-α) are pleiotropic cytokines belonging to type I IFNs, extensively used in the treatment of patients with some types of cancer and viral disease. IFN-α can affect tumor cell functions by multiple mechanisms. In addition, these cytokines can promote the differentiation and activity of host immune cells. Early studies in mouse tumor models showed the importance of host immune mechanisms...
The endoribonuclease L (RNase L) is the effector of the 2-5A system, a major enzymatic pathway involved in the molecular mechanism of interferons (IFNs). RNase L is a very unusual nuclease with a complex mechanism of regulation. It is a latent enzyme, expressed in nearly every mammalian cell type. Its activation requires its binding to a small oligonucleotide, 2-5A. 2-5A is a series of unique 5′-triphosphorylated...
In most cancer cells, the ATP necessary for survival and proliferation is derived from glycolysis rather than from oxidative phosphorylations (OXPHOS) even when oxygen supply would be adequate to sustain them. This phenomenon, named “aerobic glycolysis” by Warburg many years ago, can now be explained by a mechanism up-regulating the expression of genes involved in glucose transport, glucose metabolism,...
Ribozymes are catalytic RNAs that possess the property of cutting an RNA target via site-specific cleavage after sequence-specific recognition. Ribozymes can moreover cleave multiple substrate molecules. An increasing number of studies show that ribozymes are particularly well adapted tools against cancer, silencing or down-regulating gene expression at the RNA level. We have constructed an adenine-dependent...
The formation of new blood vessels, uncontrolled cell expansions and invasions are the common feature of cancer, neovascular inflammatory and ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Short interfering RNA (siRNA) and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) have recently helped extend our understanding of the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis and tumor developments. Moreover, the early success...
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