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The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the canine U1 snRNA was determined. It exhibited significant homology (90-98%) with known U1 sequences. The RNA can be folded according to the secondary structure previously proposed for the U1 snRNA. It contained the conserved sequence UUACCUG in loop A (nt 6-12), required for the recognition of the 5 splice site, and the sequence UGCACU in loop B (nt 68-73),...
The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the human cDNA encoding PAP, a pancreatic secretory protein induced during acute pancreatitis, was found to be identical with that of a gene activated in human primary hepatocellular cancer, designatedHIP . To obtain insight into the expression of PAP/HIP, we characterized the gene organization, especially focusing on the 5 -flanking region, and found that it spans...
We have isolated and sequenced the genes for the trans-spliceosomal U6 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) from the trypanosomatid species Leishmania mexicana (Lm) and Phytomonas sp. (Ps). Compared with the Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) U6 snRNA, the Lm U6 snRNA contains only a single additional G-C bp in the 5 terminal stem-loop. In contrast, the Ps U6 snRNA sequence contains a G → C change at the last nucleotide...
We have characterized the U2 small nuclear RNA (snRNA)-encoding gene from the monogenetic trypanosomatid,Leptomonas seymouri (Ls), to begin to identify the RNA-RNA interactions that direct trans-splicing in kinetoplastid protozoa. The U2 gene, which is single copy in this organism, was isolated and sequenced. Although the Ls U2 snRNA contains many of the sequence and secondary structure elements...
Circular non-polyadenylated RNA molecules have been identified as stable transcription products of the humanETS -1 and mouse Sry genes. RNA circularization has been proposed to require two steps. The first step utilizes intramolecular base pairing to produce a transient stem-loop structure. The second step involves splicing a downstream donor splice site (DSS) to a now closely appositioned upstream...
The mechanism of activation of metastasis-associated mts1 gene transcription in the mouse myelomonocytic leukaemia WEHI-3 cell line is described. Northern blot analysis showed that WEHI-3 cells expressed two types of mts1-specific mRNA: standard (550 nt) and additional (about 800 nt). The steady-state expression level of the 800-nt mRNA was 10-fold higher than that of the 550-nt mRNA. A cDNA clone...
In the ets gene family of transcription factors, elk1 belongs to the subfamily of Ternary Complex Factors (TCFs) which bind to the Serum Response Element (SRE) in conjunction with a dimer of Serum Response Factors (SRFs). In this communication we report the isolation of cDNAs from the mouse elk1 gene, containing the full coding sequence homologous (87% identical) to the human gene, and the structure...
Removal of introns from pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) requires small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) packaged into stable small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNP). These snRNPs contain specific and common proteins also called Sm proteins. Correct assembly of the snRNAs with the common proteins is an essential step for the biogenesis of snRNP particles. We have identified a new Saccharomyces serevisiae gene,...
Among the small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) involved in the spliceosomal processing of pre-mRNA, U6 is the most conserved. As a first evidence for the presence of the splicing machinery in the amitochondrial protozoan Entamoeba histolytica (Eh), we have cloned the u6 snRNA gene. We find that in this organism u6 is a single copy gene that is transcribed as a poly(A) - RNA molecule of approximately...
Factors that influence neural growth and development in parasitic nematodes have not yet been identified. We have isolated and sequenced a Brugia malayi nematode 3.4-kb genomic DNA fragment and its corresponding cDNA, which encode a predicted protein of 138 amino acids with 52% identity and 75% similarity to the mammalian neuroglial growth factor, glia maturation factor-β (GMF). GMF promotes the differentiation...
We constructed spliceable vectors that separately encode polyomavirus MT and ST. The addition of an intron enables MT to transform and to immortalize more efficiently and ST to transiently stimulate the growth of primary rat embryo fibroblasts.
The gene structure for chicken CP49 gene is presented. It differs from the human CP49 gene with the presence of an extra exon in helix IB and the apparent loss of an intron, intron H. The CP49 gene localises to chromosome 2 in the chicken genome where it is flanked by homologues that map to human chromosome 10p13 (VIM) 6p24-p23 (BMP6). Two transcripts, CP49 and CP49ins, are produced from the single...
Expression of DNA topoisomerase IIα protein varies through the cell cycle with its peak in G 2 /M. This cell-cycle-dependent expression depends on changes in topoisomerase IIα mRNA stability as well as promoter activity. We isolated the 3' genomic region of the mouse topoisomerase IIα gene and investigated whether or not the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the topoisomerase IIα mRNA participates...
The genomic organization of the heparin cofactor II (HCII) gene from rat and mouse was investigated and compared with their human counterpart. The genes share a common core structure consisting of five exons interrupted by four introns, but the mouse and rat gene reveal individual additional features. A unique differentially spliced exon is present in the 5'-untranslated region of the rat gene, which...
Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) is a nuclear transcription factor that has been implicated in the nuclear control of respiratory chain expression in mammalian cells. Here, we demonstrate that a complex pattern of alternative splicing contributes to sequence heterogeneity within the human NRF-1 5'-untranslated region (UTR). At least six different 5'-UTR exons (UTRs 1-6) were detected in NRF-1...
Sex-lethal (SXL) is an RNA binding protein that acts as a regulator of both alternative pre-mRNA splicing and translation. Because SXL must sometimes function at some distance from its binding sites, it is believed that it must interact with other proteins. We used a yeast two-hybrid screen to isolate a novel Drosophila protein, SIN (SXL interactor), that interacts specifically with SXL. A direct...
The complete sequence of XA34 was identified from a 107kb genomic clone originating from the human chromosome 7q31.1-q31.3. The 7.1kb human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) contains LTR's, gag, pol and env, and a pol sequence which is identical to the 2.3kb XA34 cDNA clone which we previously isolated from a human glioma cDNA library (Widegren et al., 1996). The HERV is located in a reversed orientation...
The human gene hnRNPI encoding the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein type I, an alternative splicing modulator of tissue-specific transcripts, also known as PTB (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein), was recently mapped on chromosome 14, as well as on chromosome 19, suggesting that two closely related copies of the same gene might exist in the human genome. We report here that the gene localized...
Osteocalcin (OC) is known to be a bone tissue-specific protein, expression of which is believed to be controlled by the OC promoter. In this communication, we provided evidence to demonstrate that tissue-specific expression of OC was also regulated at the RNA splicing level. We identified incompletely spliced variants of human OC mRNA, which retain one or more introns during RNA spicing, existing...
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) affects cell proliferation and differentiation during mammalian embryogenesis. In a number of avian species, PDGF-α receptors and PDGF-A chain (PDGF-A) are present during chicken limb and lens development. However, little is understood about the chicken PDGF-A gene. The present study identified short form type 1 (S1), long form (L) and short form type 2 (S2) cDNA...
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