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Intranasal delivery of vaccines is the most effective means of inducing effective immunity in the upper respiratory tract as well as other mucosal lymphoid tissues. To evaluate the effects of the H5N2 inactivated virus with adjuvant, 120 one-day-old chicks were intranasal immunized with the H5N2 inactivated virus respectively mixed with adjuvant CpG or recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2). The local immunocompetent...
In this paper we give guidance for the design and conduct of vaccine trials against Plasmodium vivax malaria. The paper supplements earlier guidelines on the planning of vaccine trials against Plasmodium falciparum malaria [WHO. Guidelines for the evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum vaccines in populations exposed to natural infections. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997, http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/feuill_1_4-2...
Improving vaccine immunogenicity remains a major challenge in the fight against developing country diseases like malaria and AIDS. We describe a novel strategy to identify new DNA vaccine adjuvants. We have screened components of the Toll-like receptor signalling pathways for their ability to activate pro-inflammatory target genes in transient transfection assays and assessed in vivo adjuvant activity...
Vaccination with recombinant adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis (CyaA) carrying antigen is a promising approach to target antigen-presenting cells. We have used Trogocytosis Analysis Protocol (TRAP) assays to monitor immune responses raised by different vaccination regimens with recombinant CyaA carrying the ovalbumin antigen. We find that the intradermal, intramuscular or subcutaneous routes...
The yellow fever vaccine is very effective with a single injection conferring protection for at least 10 years. Recent evidence suggests that the innate immune cells activated through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are critical determinants of the robustness of the adaptive response. Therefore, we investigated the NK cell status in eight healthy volunteers after vaccination with YF 17DD virus. Shortly...
We provided CDC recommended postpartum tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization to medically underserved, uninsured women in Houston through a standing order protocol. From January 7–April 30, 2008, 1129 of 1570 (72%) postpartum women (93% Hispanic; 11% ≤19 years) received Tdap before hospital discharge. Tdap uptake was 96.2% in women without self-reported contraindications. Recall...
Immunisation with Amastigote Surface Protein 2 (asp-2) and trans-sialidase (ts) genes induces protective immunity in highly susceptible A/Sn mice, against infection with parasites of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Based on immunological and biological strain variations in T. cruzi parasites, our goal was to validate our vaccination results using different parasite strains. Due to the importance...
To prepare a human HBV vaccine, investigators need an animal model that can help them screen and prioritize vaccine candidates. In this study, HBV/HLA-A2.1 double transgenic mice (dTg), confirmed by analysis of genomic integration and by observation of long-term expression of HBV and HLA genes, were generated for the first time. The HBV/HLA-A2.1 dTg not only display tolerance to HBV antigens (Ags),...
Botulinum neurotoxins, predominantly serotypes C and D, cause equine botulism through forage poisoning. The C-terminal part of the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin types C and D (HcBoNT/C and D) was expressed in Escherichia coli and evaluated as a recombinant mono- and bivalent vaccine in twelve horses in comparison to a commercially available toxoid vaccine. A three-dose subcutaneous immunization...
The aim was to identify an appropriate infant pneumococcal vaccination strategy for resource poor countries. Fijian infants received zero, one, two, or three doses of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in early infancy. Following three PCV doses, geometric mean concentration (GMC) to all seven serotypes were ≥1.0μg/mL, and >85% of children achieved antibody levels ≥0.35μg/mL at 18 weeks...
The Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA-1) is a well-characterized and functionally important merozoite protein and is currently considered a major candidate antigen for a malaria vaccine. Previously, we showed that AMA-1 has an influence on cellular immune responses of malaria-naïve subjects, resulting in an alternative activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and induction of a pro-inflammatory...
Influenza vaccination is recommended for the elderly in many countries, but immune responses are weaker compared to younger adults.To investigate the impact of daily consumption of a probiotic dairy drink on the immune response to influenza vaccination in an elderly population of healthy volunteers over 70 years of age.Two randomised, multicentre, double-blind, controlled studies were conducted during...
Immune responses and side effects of intranasally administered flu vaccine with the commercial product Surfacten, a modified bovine pulmonary surfactant, were investigated in minipigs. The use of minipigs was based on the anatomical resemblance of nasal lymph nodes, the principal antigen uptake site of respiratory mucosal immunity, between pig and human. Intranasal instillation of HA vaccine adjuvanted...
The use of adjuvants capable of improving the deficient immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine in haemodialysis patients is highly needed. Among potential adjuvants, type I interferons deserve a special attention in view of their known effects promoting cellular and humoral immune responses. The aim of the present trial was to evaluate the effects of recombinant interferon-α2b (IFN) administered...
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral agent of serious pediatric respiratory tract illness worldwide. Presently, the most promising vaccine candidate is a live, attenuated, cDNA-derived virus, RSV rA2cp248/404/1030ΔSH, whose attenuation phenotype is based in large part on a series of point mutations including a glutamine to leucine (Q to L) substitution at amino acid...
A 14-year-old girl was inadvertently immunised with an excessively large dose of BCG-Connaught vaccine (1.0ml instead of 0.1ml). Examination of the patient a few hours later revealed a subcutaneous fluctuant tender lump at the injection site. This was surgically excised within 12h of immunisation and she was treated with isoniazid and rifampicin for six weeks. The patient developed no complications,...
Francisella tularensis, an intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of tularemia and a potential bioweapon. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine against this organism. We have characterized the efficacy of a defined F. tularensis subsp. novicida mutant (ΔiglB) as a live attenuated vaccine against pneumonic tularemia. Replication of the iglB mutant (KKF235) in murine macrophages...
West Nile virus (WNV) causes significant disease, yet no vaccines exist to prevent WN disease in humans. We have previously reported that RepliVAX WN is a safe and efficacious vaccine in mouse and hamster models of WN disease. Here, we report that vaccination of hamsters with RepliVAX WN induces antibody responses that remain stable for at least 6 months. Furthermore, animals challenged with virulent...
Meningococcal disease is a serious medical condition that can prove fatal within hours in otherwise healthy individuals. Disease incidence is highest in infants, yet there is no broadly protective quadrivalent vaccine that covers this age group. A new investigational quadrivalent meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y (MenACWY-CRM, Novartis Vaccines,...
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