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Premature death of the adoptively transferred cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) by means of activation induced cell death (AICD) represents one of the major constraints in devising an effective anti-cancer immune intervention strategy. Understanding the mechanism of AICD is, therefore, critical for developing methods to interfere with this death process. Although the existing paradigm on AICD centers...
Novel tuberculosis vaccination strategies hinge on BCG priming, yet newborn BCG vaccination may cause BCG disease in HIV-infected infants. Viral-vectored or subunit prime vaccine, followed by delayed BCG boost only for HIV-uninfected infants, may be a safe alternative for all newborns, regardless of maternal HIV infection. This approach should be tested using new tuberculosis vaccine candidates. If...
In May 2009 the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases hosted a workshop on serologic assays that support vaccine efficacy evaluations. The meeting promoted exchange of ideas among investigators from varying disciplines who are working on anti-infectious agent vaccines at different stages of development. The presentations and discussions at the workshop illustrated the challenges common...
To measure immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and to assess if and why there are differences between hard-to-reach and more accessible communities.WHO cluster sampling methodology was employed to measure immunization coverage in PNG's four regions. Survey data were re-analyzed according to a local assessment of geographical accessibility indicated by census...
The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) is one of the safest and most effective vaccines available today. Here, YF17D was genetically altered to express the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from the murine malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii. Reconstituted recombinant virus was viable and exhibited robust CSP expression. Immunization of naïve mice resulted in extensive proliferation of adoptively...
The efficacy and safety of the naturally attenuated Rift Valley Fever (RVF) Clone 13 vaccine were evaluated in ovines in three different experiments involving 38 ewes at different stages of pregnancy, their offsprings and four rams. In Experiment 1, 4 rams and a total of 13 pregnant ewes were vaccinated and monitored during vaccination and after a challenge with a virulent RVF virus. The ewes were...
Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacteria associated with many disease conditions of aquatic animals. Two rough attenuated variants were derived from two smooth virulent types of this bacterium by continuous passage separately in laboratory over a period of 8 years in brain–heart infusion agar. These variants were checked to be rough lipopolysaccharides (LPS) types and attenuated since they...
Two dose-finding studies and one open label safety study with a paediatric FSME-IMMUN ® formulation were conducted in children and adolescents aged 1–15 years (N=3697). The 1.2μg antigen dose was identified as the optimal dose, inducing high seroconversion rates following the primary vaccination series. Adolescents (aged 12–15 years) vaccinated with the optimal paediatric dose (1.2μg) attained...
HIV vaccine trials require volunteers. Little is known about willingness to participate (WTP) in HIV vaccine trials among Chinese MSM. A survey of 550 MSM was conducted from March to June 2008, in Beijing, China. Data were collected on demographics, behaviors, perceptions about HIV/AIDS and HIV vaccines, and concerns about participation in HIV vaccine clinical trials. Of study participants, 35.8%...
The C-terminal 19 and 42kDa fragments of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) have shown to be protective in animals against lethal parasite challenge. The MSP-1 19 being highly conserved may lack sufficient number of T-cell epitopes in order to elicit a broader response in genetically diverse populations. The inclusion of additional epitopes from the N-terminal MSP-1...
Promotional campaigns recommend immunisation against influenza in healthcare workers (HCWs) but the uptake in this group remains low. We conducted a survey study during the 2008–2009 influenza vaccination period amongst future HCWs to quantify uptake and identify barriers to immunisation. Overall uptake was 8.0% (95% CI 5.9–10.8%), which is lower than the uptake amongst current HCWs (13.4%) and short...
TBE vaccination strategies capable of inducing strong paediatric immunogenicity and acceptable reactogenicity are still under evaluation. This single-blind, multi-center, randomized, controlled, phase III clinical study compared the immunogenicity and safety of the two paediatric TBE vaccines available in Europe (FSME-IMMUN ® Junior and Encepur ® Children) following administration...
This study aimed to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of introducing a live, attenuated vaccine (SA 14-14-2) against Japanese encephalitis (JE) into the immunization program. The study demonstrated that SA 14-14-2 immunization is cost–effective in controlling JE in Cambodia compared to no vaccination. Averting one disability-adjusted life year, from a societal perspective, through the introduction...
A poultry vaccination program was implemented in Central America beginning in January 1995 to control both H5N2 low (LPAI) and high pathogenicity avian influenza. This study was conducted to identify seed strain composition and the efficacy of 10 commercially available H5 vaccines against challenge with H5N2 LPAI viruses isolated from Latin America in 2003. The original 1994 vaccine seed virus in...
In order to identify the appropriate strains to use in vaccination trials against heartwater in Burkina Faso, the protective effect of Gardel and Welgevonden strains was assessed against local strains on sheep vaccinated by infection-and-treatment method: Gardel protected significantly against Burkina Faso strains tested (survival rate 59% for immunised sheep vs 13% for control sheep) while Welgevonden...
A random population-based telephone survey (n=301) was conducted among the Hong Kong general population in July 2009. Past history of seasonal influenza vaccination (OR=2.59–3.13) was associated with intention to take up A/H1N1 vaccination under three hypothetical scenarios (provided at <HK$100, HK$100–200 and >HK$200). Adjusting background variables, other significant factors were identified...
Plasma from 10 patients who had received rabies vaccine either intradermally (ID) or intramuscularly (IM) was examined for 20 chemo- and cytokines. Plasma samples were withdrawn on days 0, 3 and 7 after vaccination. These chemo- and cytokines and sampling days were chosen based on data collected from a protein array analysis of 122 cytokines conducted on one recipient of vaccine administered IM and...
The continuing morbidity and mortality associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections, have motivated calls to make S. aureus vaccine development a research priority. We developed a decision analytic computer simulation model to determine the potential economic impact of a S. aureus vaccine for neonates. Our results suggest...
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