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Post-menopausal women belong to an age group that is highly susceptible to influenza infection and its most serious complications. However, data on the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in these women is limited. Therefore, the antibody response to influenza vaccination was assessed in a postmenopausal mouse model. An inactivated-detergent-split vaccine from the A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) influenza...
In 2005, UNICEF and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented and evaluated the Reaching Every District (RED) approach, an intervention designed to improve key components of immunization services including planning, outreach, community mobilization, supervision, and monitoring, in select districts of Assam, India. Two intervention and 3 comparison districts were selected for a 2-year...
IXIARO (IC51), a recently approved inactivated Japanese Encephalitis vaccine, is immunogenic and safe in a 0/28 days primary immunization schedule. Neutralizing antibody titers decline with time and booster doses are likely needed to enhance persistence of immunity.To assess the effect of a booster dose on neutralizing JE antibody titers for up to 12 months after boostering.In this phase III trial,...
Seasonal influenza epidemics cause illness and death each year, and the emergence of antigenically novel influenza A viruses are a continual pandemic threat. Disease and death can be averted by vaccination. The potency of killed virus vaccines is based on hemagglutinin (HA) content. However, antibodies that inhibit enzyme activity of the neuraminidase (NA) also reduce virus replication and protect...
In the face of the A(H1N1) 2009 influenza pandemic, in October 2009 the French military health service (SSA) initiated a large vaccination campaign with Pandemrix ® vaccine in the military forces. The aim of this study was to describe vaccine adverse events (VAE) reported during this campaign.VAE and the number of people vaccinated were surveyed by the SSA Epidemiological network across all...
In this study, we have compared the protection afforded by a recombinant turkey herpesvirus vaccine expressing the H5 gene from a clade 2.2 H5N1 strain (rHVT-H5) and a Mexican-origin H5N2 inactivated vaccine, alone or in combination, against two antigenically divergent H5N1 Egyptian strains isolated in 2007 and 2008. Our results confirm the existence of a major antigenic drift among the Egyptian H5N1...
To implement and evaluate text message reminders for the second (HPV2) and third (HPV3) vaccine doses.Site-based intervention.Nine pediatric sites (5 academic and 4 private) located in New York City.Parents of adolescents 9–20 years who received HPV1 or HPV2 during the intervention period, January–June 2009.Parents who enrolled received up to three weekly text message reminders that their daughter...
In May 2009, a workshop was held in Washington DC to identify ways in which HIV vaccine clinical research could benefit from and better incorporate behavioral and social science (BSS) considerations. Seventy-one people from government, non-government, and private organizations participated, including HIV vaccine researchers, clinical trial scientists, BSS researchers, community representatives, and...
As an adaptor molecule in the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) signaling pathway, the virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) molecule activates NF-κB and IRF3 and thereby leads to the production of type I interferons (IFNs). To explore the potential of VISA as a genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines, a eukaryotic expression plasmid, pVISA, was generated by cloning the VISA gene into the pVAX1vector...
The generation of strong, virus-neutralizing antibody responses to the HIV-1 envelope spike (Env) is a major goal in HIV-1 vaccine research. To try to enhance the Env-specific response, we displayed oligomeric gp140 on a virus-like scaffold provided by the lambda phage capsid. To do this, an in vitro complementation system was used to “decorate” phage particles with glycosylated, mammalian cell-derived...
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be a leading cause of mortality among bacterial diseases, and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine for human use against this disease. TB prevention and control would benefit from an improved method of BCG vaccination that simplifies logistics and eliminates dangers posed by hypodermic needles without compromising...
This study reports effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) against confirmed pandemic influenza infection in England using a retrospective test-negative case–control study. Cases and controls were frequency matched by age, swabbing-week and region. On univariable and multivariable analysis adjusted for underlying clinical risk factors, cases were no more or less likely than controls to...
We previously have shown the efficacy of recombinant (r) chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) vaccination against hydrosalpinx development following primary genital chlamydial challenge. In this study, we evaluated further the protection induced by rCPAF vaccination against infertility. Following primary challenge, fertility levels were not significantly different between the mock- and...
The aims of this study were to determine the percentage of females who after initiating the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series, both completed it and completed it on-time, as well as to examine factors associated with series completion and on-time completion. Using data from the North Carolina Immunization Registry, of 138,823 females analyzed, 55% completed the series, and 28% completed it...
HPV vaccination rates among adolescents in the United States lag behind some other developed countries, many of which routinely offer the vaccine in schools. We sought to assess mothers’ willingness to have their adolescent daughters receive HPV vaccine at school. A national sample of mothers of adolescent females ages 11–14 completed our internet survey (response rate=66%). The final sample (n=496)...
Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) delivered by large droplet intranasal spray is efficacious against infection. However, many of the large droplets are trapped in the external nares and do not reach the target nasal airway tissues. Smaller droplets might provide better distribution yielding similar protection with lower doses. We evaluated 20 and 30μm aerosol delivery of influenza virus in...
Brucellosis is one of the most serious zoonoses all over the world, with B. melitensis, B. abortus and B. suis being the most pathogenic species for humans. Vaccination of domesticated livestock still represents the most efficient way to prevent human infection. However, the available Brucella vaccines retain an important residual virulence and induce antibodies interfering with surveillance programs...
Broad T-cell response is considered critical for HIV-1 vaccines to compensate viral diversity. Usually, a limited number of immunodominant epitopes are recognized in natural infections, as well as in vaccinations. Here, we seek to overcome immunofocusing of CD8 T Cell responses to HIV-1 CN54 gag DNA (delivered as a plasmid) in BalB/C mice by splitting it into fragments for reducing competition of...
The ER-resident chaperone gp96, when released by cell lysis, induces an immunogenic chemokine signature and causes innate immune activation of DC and NK cells. Here we show that intraperitoneal immunization with a genetically engineered, secreted form of gp96, gp96-Ig chaperoning SIV antigens, induces high levels of antigen specific CD8 CTL in the rectal and vaginal mucosa of Rhesus macaques. The...
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