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Annual evaluation of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is needed to assess ongoing impact of immunization efforts in the setting of antigenic drift and periodic vaccine reformulation. Optimal methodology for determining VE remains unclear. We compared influenza VE generated from prospective enrollment and rRT-PCR testing (active surveillance group) with VE based on clinician-ordered diagnostic...
In a pandemic, the development of an effective influenza vaccine is the most important subject from the view of public health. This study was performed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of inactivated, monovalent H1N1 2009 vaccine (Green Cross Corporation, Yongin, Korea) among healthy adults aged 19–64 years (Group 1) and the elderly aged ≥65 years (Group 2) in a two-dose regimen, 21 days...
The WHO First International Reference Preparation for BCG vaccine is over forty years old and is no longer available for distribution due to stock depletion and its significant loss of viability. International consultations identified a demand for replacement with sub-strain specific BCG preparations. An International collaborative study was carried out to evaluate three candidates for WHO Reference...
α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is a safe and effective adjuvant for nasal vaccines and induces protective immune responses against tumors and viral infections. In our previous study, the fatty acyl chains of α-GalCer were modified based on the CD1d/glycolipid structure to generate α-GalCer analogues with branched acyl chains. In this study, two α-GalCer analogues, KBC-007 and KBC-009, that have different...
Preterm infants are experiencing delays in receiving routine schedule vaccines. We evaluated up-to-date immunisation status of 602 preterm infants at 5 and 24 months for DTCoqPolioHib and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (defined by 3 and 4 doses, respectively). At 5 months, 39% (CI 95% [35–43]) of children were up-to-date for DTCoqPolioHib and 22% (CI 95% [19–26]) for pneumococcal conjugate, while...
This European workshop identified a number of lessons learnt in the field of vaccine licensure, prioritisation of target groups, communication on pandemic vaccines, implementation of vaccination and safety monitoring. The mild severity of the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza virus influenced the perception of pandemic vaccines, as previous pandemic preparedness had anticipated a more virulent virus...
The burden of influenza disease is to a large extent unknown for the African continent. Moreover, the interaction of influenza with common infectious diseases in Africa remains poorly described. Solid scientific evidence on the influenza disease burden in Africa is critical for the development of effective influenza vaccine policies.On 1st and 2nd June 2010 in Marrakech, Morocco, over eighty surveillance...
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is known to induce strong cellular immune responses. We constructed a live-attenuated Lm vector, Lmdd-BdopSIVgag, which encodes SIVmac239 gag. Intragastric (i.g.) administration of 3×10 12 bacteria to rhesus macaques was safe and induced anti-Gag cellular but no humoral immune responses. Boosting of Gag-specific cellular responses was observed after i.g. administration...
All hospital discharges and deaths related to CAP and pneumococcal-pneumonia from adults over 50 from 2003 to 2007 in Spain were obtained. Among the 447,670 Pneumonia-all causes discharges 17% were pneumococcal pneumonia. The annual hospitalisation rate was 6.27 and 1.09 cases per 1000, respectively. 75,932 deaths for Pneumonia-all causes and 9062 for pneumococcal-pneumonia were reported. CAP and...
A Markov model of hepatitis B virus (HBV) disease progression in the UK estimated that 81% of predicted HBV-associated morbidity and mortality could be prevented by universal infant vaccination at a cost of approximately £260,000 per QALY gained.Universal adolescent vaccination would be less effective (45% prevented) and less cost-effective (£493,000 per QALY gained). Higher HBV incidence rates in...
Opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) was measured following reduced infant doses of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) with or without 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) at 12 months, and subsequent re-exposure to a small dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens (mPPS) at 17 months. Fijian infants were randomized to receive 0, 1, 2, or 3 PCV-7 doses. Half received PPV-23...
Brucellosis is an important malady of productive and wildlife animals and a worldwide zoonosis. The use of effective vaccines and the corresponding diagnostic tests that allow differentiating infected from vaccinated animals are essential tools to control the disease. For this, a prototype of Brucella abortus S19 vaccine expressing green fluorescent protein (S19-GFP) was constructed. The S19-GFP was...
The Step Study phase IIb HIV-1 vaccine trial was terminated early due to futility; subsequent analyses revealed increased susceptibility to HIV infection among a subset of test vaccine recipients. We conducted a mixed methods investigation, including a brief, self-administered baseline questionnaire and in-depth, semi-structured, 1-h interviews after unblinding, to explore experiences and perspectives...
The mechanisms of immune response following yellow fever (YF-17DD) vaccination are still poorly understood. In this study, we have performed a longitudinal investigation (days 0, 7, 15 and 30) to characterize the cytokine profile of innate and adaptive immunity following YF-17DD first-time vaccination. Data from non-stimulated cultures demonstrated a prominent participation of the innate immunity...
Prior to marketing of pandemic influenza vaccines, the only safety data were those from clinical trials. The objective of this study was to compare information coming from spontaneous reporting with that systematically collected in a formal observation study; this also permits to further evaluate safety of pandemic influenza vaccines in the targeted patients’ population. Out of a sample of 507 vaccinated...
Prior to FDA licensure in men, a surgical practice (SG) offered the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV) off-label to men who have sex with men (MSM). We administered a written or telephone survey to MSM to elicit drivers and barriers to vaccination, sexual behavior changes post-vaccination, and knowledge. 191 subjects enrolled: 68 refused qHPV, 71 received qHPV <1 year ago, and 52 received qHPV >1...
Vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies provide a measure of population-based vaccine performance by combining immunization history data with rates of disease incidence. This review assessed the feasibility of using electronic immunization registry data sources in VE studies. Electronic databases were searched through January 31, 2010. Out of 17 studies, only one paper assessed data accuracy (71%), and...
Nanoparticle vaccines induce potent immune responses in the absence of conventional adjuvant due to the recognition by immune cells of the particle structures, which mimic natural pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Nanoparticle vaccines were fabricated by constructing artificial biofilms using layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of oppositely charged polypeptides and target designed peptides on CaCO...
Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C) causes a severe upper respiratory tract (URT) infection in turkeys. Turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with inactivated aMPV/C adjuvanted with synthetic double-stranded RNA polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (Poly IC). Immunized turkeys had elevated numbers of mucosal IgA+ cells in the URT and increased levels of virus-specific IgG and IgA in the lachrymal...
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