This paper presents findings from a study conducted in Heping Town, Qiongzhong County, Hainan Province, China. The study, conducted in 1992, used qualitative as well as quantitative methods to gather social, cultural and behavioural data associated with the acquisition, transmission and prevention of malaria, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. These methods included focus groups, key informant and other in-depth interviews, and observations, a household survey and tests of school children of knowledge of malaria. The study is among the first to our knowledge that has utilized this broad mix of methods for tropical disease research in China.