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Viral taxonomy is continuously changing. International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) takes care of this taxonomy and publishes topic data from time to time. The last part - work ICTV publication came out in 2005, but there is available viral taxonomy 2009 online. The topic taxonomy of viruses infecting vertebrates consists of 9 families classified in 4 orders. Moreover, there are 23 families...
This paper presents principles of sorghum (Sorghum spp.) allelopathy and its importance in agro- ecosystems. Sorghum is cereal grain plant of the family Poaceae and one of the most important crops in the world. Sorghum produces a large variety of secondary metabolites that determine its high allelopathic potential. Most of them are classified as hydrophilic phenolic compounds. Mature root hairs of...
Autotoxicity is a type of intraspecific allelopathy (autoallelopathy), caused through the release into the environment compounds, which belong to secondary metabolites. Autotoxicity is observed in natural environment and in agroecosystems. It causes both, beneficial and negative effects. Autoallelopathy allows plants to survive by avoiding intra-competition. On the other hand, it is a serious economical...
"Biodiversity" became one of the most popular ecological terms all over the world and is defined as "the variability among living organisms from all sources including [...] terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". Despite popularity of the term...
The primary role of diet is to provide sufficient nutrients to meet the nutritional requirements of an individual, but there is now increasing scientific evidence supporting the hypothesis that some food components have beneficial effects over and above the provision of the basic nutrients. Foods with the plant origin, besides of numerous nutrients contain many non-nutritive compounds, which may prevent...
Karrikins (KAR, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one) are a new group of plant growth regulators detected in the smoke from burning of plant materials. These compounds stimulate seed germination of many plants growing in areas where fires occur regularly and frequently, but also break dormancy and stimulate germination and growth of plants from other ecosystems. The primary dormancy seeds of Arabidopsis...
Soil salinity, which affects nearly 6% of the world's land area, is one of the major environmental factors that adversely influences plant distribution and crop productivity. Salt affected soils are found mainly in arid and semi arid climates. However, in humid climate the overuse of fertilisers and crop protection chemicals as well as the frequent use of soluble salts to deal with glazed frost on...
Modulating dietary composition can change the rumen microbial ecosystem, and as the consequence, enrich milk of ruminants in potentially health promoting agents. Number of components in milk is being recognised as conferring health benefits. These include, among others, lipid components (vaccenic acid, trans 11 C18:1 and conjugated isomers of linoleic acid, e.g. CLA). The processes in which mentioned...
The effect of long-term (months, years) increased physical activity on energy balance is of importance for weight gain prevention. However, since increment in daily energy expenditure could be easily compensated by increased food intake, exercise program without dietary intervention usually is insufficient to control weight in persons who are already overweight. The effect of increased physical activity...
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating, and other unspecified eating disorders (e.g. nocturnal eating, pica) are classified as mental or emotional illnesses, where the complex of genetic, biological, and environmental factors is the key for pathogenesis. Eating disorders most often affect girls and young women, but occur in adults, and disorganize their mental and social life for many years,...
The hypothalamus plays a major role in the control of energy balance and food intake. It integrates hormonal, neural and metabolic signals pertaining to body-energy status and, in response to these inputs, coordinates adaptive alterations of energy intake and expenditure. Ghrelin, a peptide produced mainly in the stomach, stimulates feeding and fat deposition. Plasma level of ghrelin is increased...
Brain-gut axis is of great importance in regulation of appetite and gastrointestinal functions. Impulses coming from sense organs such as sight, sound and smell are modified in central nervous system and then they are transmitted to enteric nervous system (ESN) through efferent pathways involving the spinal cord and the autonomic nervous system. There are many hormones, peptides and neurotransmitters...
Fetal intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is currently a serious civilization problem. Eight to nine% of newborns are displaying signs of IUGR every year. IUGR is caused in most instances by misbalanced diet of pregnant mother (in terms of protein and energy). This inhibits system A activity responsible for amino acid transport across the placenta to the fetus. IUGR newborns are characterized by...
The neuropeptide orexin stimulates food intake and energy expenditure by acting on two different receptors isoforms OXR1 and OXR2. Orexin exists in two isoforms, both of which bind to OXR1 and OXR2. Studies on genetic engineered animals, which lack or overexpress orexins or its cognate receptors revealed that orexin may play a role in controlling glucose homeostasis and body weight changes. Observational...
The adipose tissue has ceased to be recognized as energy deposit only. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the cellular composition, metabolic and hormonal activity, as well as of adipogenesis and heterogeneity of bodily depots of adipose tissue. Moreover, data pertaining to mechanisms of nutritional regulation of widely understood activity of adipose tissue are highlighted, and...
The paper provides the most important information on sensory mechanisms of food intake regulation. This article describes palatability of sensory stimulus, food preferences and sensory specific satiety.
Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important environmental factors affecting survival of fishes that rely on aquatic respiration. Fishes face an ever changing availability of environmental oxygen, resulting for instance from the dynamics of temperature changes, surface agitation, primary production by plants and algae, and oxygen consumption by plants, animals as well as chemical processes. In natural...
Refined sugar is an energy supplying product, but it is not the source of any nutrients. Currently, it is suggested that the delay consumption of energy from sugar should not exceed 10%. An average American ingests over 20% of energy in the form added sugar, which exceeds the current recommendation by 2 times. The replacement of traditional sugar with sweeteners with low energy content or calorie-free...
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