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Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH-s) in sewage sludges is necessary before utilizing the sludges in agriculture, especially in industrial regions. Separation of PAHs has been the most difficult step of analysis. In this work, PAHs were separated by extraction. The best extraction solvents were chosen after reviewing literature. A new method of determining the partition coefficient...
This work comprises the results of investigations on the amount of heterotrophic bacteria (mesophilic), bacteria showing the sanitary state (TC,FC,FS), anaerobic spore - forming bacteria (Clostridiumperfringens), pathogenic/ potentially pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp.), filamentous fungi and yeasts and parasitic worms in sewage sludge at sewage treatment...
Sewage sludge is formed during mechanical, biological and chemical sewage treatment. Composition of the sewage sludge is very complicated; it is rich in micro- and macroelements, but the sludge can contain toxic compounds and pathogenic organisms. There exist a large variety of methods of neutralization of the sewage sludge. In the present work, the sewage sludge treatment methods are described, the...
Sewage sludge is a rich source of organic matter and nutrients, so there is a possibility of their broader agricultural utilization. However, agricultural utilization of this material is limited by excessive quantities of heavy metals. In accordance with this, the current paper presents the results of investigations referring to the speciation of heavy metals in selected sewage sludge. It was found...
In the years 1995-1998 an experiment with planting some perennial plant species on the sewage sludge purifying plant in Lublin was carried out. Since Ligustrum vulgare L. did not root, the studies were carried out on three species: Helianthus tuberosus L., Salix viminalis L. and Sida hermaphrodita R. During four years the number of Salix plants decreased, Helianthus plants showed the symptoms of damage...
Soils and ground waters have been extensively exposed to pollution by heavy metals from various anthropogenic sources. The presence of these metals in soils poses a significant environmental hazard, and one of most difficult contamination problems to solve. Description of some sorption and migration phenomena involving Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu in the surface layer of soil and sewage sludge compost was the...
Three adsorption equations were applied to verify the influence of correction values (CV) on adsorption parameters calculated using Langmuir, Freundlich and Gunary isotherms. It was found that the inclusion or not of the correction values into the -Langmuir equation did not yield appreciable differences either for amax or b parameters in the case of soils with relatively high organic matter content,...
An effective method for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils fertilised with sewage sludge is presented in this paper. PAH extraction was carried out by ultrasound; dichloromethane was used as a solvent. Purification was done by means of solid phase extraction. Identification and determination was carried out by means of HPLC with a UV detector. The present analyses were carried out...
In the years 1996-1998 in the sewage treatment plant in Hajdów an experiment was set up in order to determine the optimal number of plants and the method of proliferation of Sida hermaphrodita R. on sewage sludge. The cultivation of Sida was carried out on especially prepared plots with an added 50 cm thick layer of sewage sludge. Two methods of plantation establishing (propagation) were used - generative...
Sewage sludge was examined for keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi by means of a multi-tempera-ture (23, 26, 29, 33, 37 and 45oC) hair baiting method. Results indicate that this method can be a useful tool for determination of the influence of temperature and other factors on fungal composition in sludge and evaluation of health risk posed by fungal pathogens. The use of the method facilitated...
The present study included an evaluation of the content of 16 PAH in sewage sludge produced in 15 sewage treatment plants in southeastern Poland. Besides determining PAH content, the influence of the amount and origin of the sewage purified in the PAH content was also evaluated. Possible PAH sources in sewage were also evaluated by the calculations of the mutual relations. The results obtained showed...
The aim of our research was to estimate the efficiency of monoaecian fibrous hemp (Cannabis sativa L., "Benico" variety) for heavy metals phytoextraction from soil-sludge substratum during anaerobic sewage sludge management in non-industrial sites. Below are the results from a pot experiment with hemp as a plant which phytoextracts zinc, copper and nickel. On the basis of heavy metals analysis...
This paper presents results of biodeterioration of Mater-Bi YI01U under natural weather conditions in compost with sewage sludge. The tests were performed at a waste treatment plant and - for comparison - under laboratory conditions at stable temperature. The compost pile was prepared outdoors at a waste treatment plant and consisted of active sludge, burnt lime /CaO/ (to ravage pathogenic bacterium...
This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic approach to sewage sludge management in both Polish and European Union (EU) legislative systems. It starts with risk, which can be caused by sewage sludge mismanagement. Also, technical aspects and boundaries of utilization and recycling routes are presented. A comparison of national and EU legislation is also presented. The next part is devoted to...
In addition to the positive effects on the physical, chemical and biological soil properties of the application of sewage sludge into the soil, there is often an increase of both organic and inorganic pollutants in the soil. One of the most popular organic xenobiotics frequently present in sewage sludge are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The aim of this study is to determine possibilities for forecasting...
In a two-year study, manure, sewage sludge and MSW compost were applied to greenhouse soil. A tomato plant was grown. Soil samples were collected after harvest and total and DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd contents of greenhouse soil were determined. Sludge and MSW compost used in a 2-year period increased both total and DTPA-extractable concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in the greenhouse...
The aim of the work was the evaluation of the ability of individual PAHs from the US EPA list to migrate in relation to the sludge dose applied. On the basis of statistical analysis, an attempt was undertaken to evaluate the role of organic matter (total content of organic carbon) in the transportation of individual PAHs. Different doses of sewage sludge were introduced into the soil starting with...
This study aimed to determine the influence of sewage sludge alkalization and acidification on the qualitative and quantitative composition of keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi in a model experiment. The sludge was alkalized to pH 9 with 0.5N NaOH, 0.5N KOH, 0.5N NH₄OH or with 2% burnt lime mixed with powdered limestone (20g CaO + 5g CaCO₃), and acidified to pH 4 with 0.5N HCl, 0.5N HNO₃ or 0...
The research was conducted in Van, located in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The purpose of this research was to assess environmental hazards to crops and soils from sludge-borne heavy metal; and the potential of using sludge as an alternative to commercial fertilizer, yield, N content and uptake of grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L. A-298). Sorghum plants were grown on sandy clay soils under...
Due to the content of pathogenic organisms, including fungi, sewage sludge land application poses risks to both human health and the environment. One of the ways for reducing pathogens in sludge is liming. This study aims to determine the effect of sludge liming on the composition of keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi in model experiments. The fungi were examined using the hair baiting method...
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