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Purportedly, a Warsaw ghetto document, addressed to posterity, a spiritual testament of a religious Jew, a hassid who had fought in the Warsaw ghetto uprising, and in the last moments of his life describes his 'endless road of suffering' to turn into a devoted prayer to the his silent God.
The article deals with the history of the shtetl in Nowogródek, where, before the war about 6,500 Jews lived. When the Germans occupied Nowogródek, a ghetto was established in one of the suburbs, where all the local Jews were deported. The author describes everyday life of the Jews in the ghetto and their fate. Most of them were killed in three mass executions: in December 1941, in August 1942 and...
The article deals with the most important events of the Holocaust in Denmark. The first part outlines the broader historical context of the events of October 1943 and the deportation of Danish Jews. It also contains a critical comment on the mainstream historical narration, particularly those aspects that concern the situation of Jewish prisoners at Theresienstadt. The second part is an overview of...
This text deals with the situation of the Jewish population of Hrubieszów between autumn 1941 and the first deportation action in June 1942. The author of the testimony is a woman by the name Dychterman, who came to Hrubieszów from the Warsaw ghetto. During the 'action' she managed to leave for Warsaw. This testimony was written two weeks later, i.e. in late June 1942 by staff members of Ringelblum's...
This article discusses the history of the annihilation of 'sztetl Grice' (pol. Grójec), a Polish-Jewish town in Central Poland. In the first part of the article, the authoress describes the tragedy of the Jewish inhabitants of this small town: the creation and the destruction of the Jewish ghetto and the hardships undergone by those who lived there, and who were subsequently deported to the Warsaw...
The authoress analyses two testimonies from the Stanislawów ghetto: Eliszewa/Elza Binder's and Juliusz Feuerman's. Binder's diary, found in the ghetto, begins on 13 December 1941 and ends on 18 July 1942, whereas Feuerman's notes are a chronicle of the ghetto and the destruction of its inhabitants. The purpose of this analysis, supplemented by a biographical context, is to portray - as well as the...
The author discusses three issues: ghetto formation, Jewish workers and the living conditions, mainly based on examples from small ghettoes. From the very beginning, ghettoisation involved loss of property, privacy and autonomy. The author's analysis of the organisation of Jewish forced labour reveals a significant stratification among Jewish forced labourers. The economic aspects of the relations...
During 1945-1950 several trials of functionary prisoners of Nazi concentration camps were held in Poland. These trials brought about, particularly among former concentration camp prisoners, a painful debate on the involvement of KZ-lager victims in the terror system of the concentration camps. This debate was the background of the polemic surrounding the Tadeusz Borowski's Auschwitz stories. Apprehensive...
This text was inspired by Michal Borwicz's critical analysis written in the 1950s by a historian and writer, which exposed the purported document from the Warsaw ghetto: 'Josl Rakower Addresses God'. Based on a recent 'literary investigation' by a German journalist Paul Badde, the authors present the complex history of this article. They also add a few theoretical and theological reflections, borne...
The authoress discusses the history of the Jews of Chmielnik, a town situated 30 kilometres away from Kielce: from a short introduction covering the inter-war period, through the German invasion, ghetto formation, everyday life n the ghetto, deportations and the fate of the survivors. She extensively describes social organisations and their activity in Chmielnik (Judenrat, Ha Szomer ha-Cair), as well...
An unknown testimony from the Przemysl ghetto of Esriel Leimsieder, submitted for publication after his death in 2006. The author concentrates on his own fate and experiences, particularly on those situations, when he narrowly escaped death. While most known testimonies do not mention the names of people they had contacts with, Leimsieder does name them, identifies places and comments on their behaviour...
At the turn of 1944 and 1945, Jewish underground activists wrote a number of letters. This was the last, no yet dispatched mail to London. During the Warsaw Uprising most of the ready material perished, thus this mail package was rather meagre when compared to the previous one of 120 pages. Another unusual aspect was the list of signatories, including some from right-wing Jewish parties, hitherto...
This article discusses the pre-war life of Emanuel Ringelblum - from the organisation of the 'Junger Historiker Krajz' (the circle of young Jewish historians) at Warsaw University, through his YIVO activity, his involvement in the setting up of tourist associations, work for the Joint Distribution Committee as editor-in-chief of 'Folkshilf', active membership in Poale Zion-Left (he ran its most important...
In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 1944-1946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. Their wave that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete,...
The exchange of the Palestinian Jews, who at the outbreak of the war were staying in Europe for German residents in Palestine is a relatively unexplored aspect of allied efforts to save the Jewish population. The consensus reached after lengthy and arduous British-German negotiations enabled five such exchanges during 1941-1945. Three of them (in December 1941, November 1942 and January 1943) also...
This is a fragment of the diary of Hinda and Chanina Malachi, written in hiding on the 'Aryan side' in Warsaw. The diary of the Malachi couple was written in Polish in a squared-paper arithmetic notebook. It covers the period between 9 October 1942 and 30 August 1944. The first part of the diary published here (until 3 August 1943), was written by Hinda and describes the fate of both spouses since...
The article concerns the conditions of life in the Jewish district and the ghetto closed since January 1942: food, forced labor, overpopulation, the religious, family and social life (for example there used to be a primary school there). It also refers to the help rendered to Jews by Poles, and generally the Polish-Jewish relations in that small town in the center of Poland inhabited by ca. ten thousand...
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