Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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WHAT SHOULD A QUANTITATIVE MODEL OF MASKING LOOK LIKE AND WHY WOULD WE WANT IT?

Gregory Francis

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 21-31

Quantitative models of backward masking appeared almost as soon as computing technology was available to simulate them; and continued interest in masking has lead to the development of new models. Despite this long history, the impact of the models on the field has been limited because they have fundamental shortcomings. This paper discusses these shortcomings and outlines what future quantitative...

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SPATIO-TEMPORAL LOW-LEVEL NEURAL NETWORKS ACCOUNT FOR VISUAL MASKING

Uri Polat, Anna Sterkin, Oren Yezekhel

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 153-163

Temporal masking is a paradigm that is widely used to study visual information processing. When a mask is presented, typically within less than 100 msec before or after the target, the response to the target is reduced. The results of the author's psychophysical and visual evoked potential (VEP) experiments show that the masking effect critically depends on a combination of several factors: (1) the...

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TOP-DOWN MODULATION OF UNCONSCIOUS 'AUTOMATIC' PROCESSES: A GATING FRAMEWORK

Markus Kiefer

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 289-306

In classical theories of automaticity, automatic processes are usually thought to occur autonomously and independently of higher level top-down factors (e.g., Posner & Snyder, 1975). However, already Neumann (1984) pointed out that the cognitive system has to be configured in a certain way for automatic processes to occur. In extension of his work, I propose a gating framework to account for the...

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THE ROLE OF FEEDBACK IN VISUAL MASKING AND VISUAL PROCESSING

Stephen L. Macknik, Susana Martinez

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 125-152

This paper reviews the potential role of feedback in visual masking, for and against. The authors' analysis reveals constraints for feedback mechanisms that limit their potential role in visual masking, and in all other general brain functions. They propose a feedforward model of visual masking and provide a hypothesis to explain the role of feedback in visual masking and visual processing in general...

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BINDING BINDING: DEPARTURE POINTS FOR A DIFFERENT VERSION OF THE PERCEPTUAL RETOUCH THEORY

Talis Bachman

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 41-55

In the perceptual retouch theory, masking and related microgenetic phenomena were explained as a result of interaction between specific cortical representational systems and the non-specific sub-cortical modulation system. Masking appears as deprivation of sufficient modulation of the consciousness mechanism suffered by the target-specific signals because of the temporal delay of non-specific modulation...

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WHAT DETERMINES THE DIRECTION OF SUBLIMINAL PRIMING

Piotr Jaskowski, Rolf Verleger

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 181-192

Masked stimuli (primes) can affect the preparation of a motor response to subsequently presented target stimuli. Reactions to the target can be facilitated (straight priming) or inhibited (inverse priming) when preceded by a compatible prime (calling for the same response) and also when preceded by an incompatible prime. Several hypotheses are currently under debate. These are the self-inhibition...

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METACONTRAST MASKING AND THE CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF SURFACE COLOR: DYNAMICAL ASPECTS OF EDGE INTEGRATION AND CONTRAST GAIN CONTROL

Michael E. Rudd

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 327-347

This paper reviews recent theoretical and experimental work supporting the idea that brightness is computed in a series of neural stages involving edge integration and contrast gain control. It is proposed here that metacontrast and paracontrast masking occur as byproducts of the dynamical properties of these neural mechanisms. The brightness computation model assumes, more specifically, that early...

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CONCEPTS OF VISUAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND THEIR MEASUREMENT

Stefan Wiens

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 349-359

Although visual consciousness can be manipulated easily (e.g., by visual masking), it is unresolved whether it can be assessed accurately with behavioral measures such as discrimination ability and self-report. Older theories of visual consciousness postulated a sensory threshold and distinguished between subjective and objective thresholds. In contrast, newer theories distinguish among three aspects:...

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MECHANISMS OF SUBLIMINAL RESPONSE PRIMING

Andrea Kiesel, Wilfried Kunde, Joachim Hoffmann

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 307-315

Subliminal response priming has been considered to operate on several stages, e.g. perceptual, central or motor stages might be affected. While primes' impact on target perception has been clearly demonstrated, semantic response priming recently has been thrown into doubt (e.g. Klinger, Burton & Pitts, 2000). Finally, LRP studies have revealed that subliminal primes evoke motor processes. Yet,...

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GROUPING BASED FEATURE ATTRIBUTION IN METACONTRAST MASKING

Thomas U. Otto

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 107-109

The visibility of a target can be strongly suppressed by metacontrast masking. Still, some features of the target can be perceived within the mask. Usually, these rare cases of feature mis-localizations are assumed to reflect errors of the visual system. To the contrary, the author will show that feature mis-localizations in metacontrast masking follow rules of motion grouping and, hence, should be...

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VISUAL MASKING: PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS, PRESENT STATUS, FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

Bruno G. Breitmeyer

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 9-20

Visual masking, throughout its history, has been used as an investigative tool in exploring the temporal dynamics of visual perception, beginning with retinal processes and ending in cortical processes concerned with the conscious registration of stimuli. However, visual masking also has been a phenomenon deemed worthy of study in its own right. Most of the recent uses of visual masking have focused...

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SENSORIMOTOR SUPREMACY: INVESTIGATING CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS VISION BY MASKED PRIMING

Ulrich Ansorge, Odmar Neumann, Stefanie I. Becker, Holger Kalberer, more

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 257-274

According to the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis, conscious perception draws on motor action. In the present report, the authors will sketch two lines of potential development in the field of masking research based on the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis. In the first part of the report, evidence is reviewed that masked, invisible stimuli can affect motor responses, attention shifts, and semantic...

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COMMON-ONSET MASKING SIMULATED WITH A DISTRIBUTED-CODE MODEL

Bruce Bridgeman

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 33-40

A distributed-coding model incorporating lateral inhibition in a simulated nerve network has been successful in accounting for many properties of backward masking (Bridgeman, 1971, 1978), linking modeling with neurophysiology and psychophysics. Metacontrast is a variety of backward masking that is of particular interest in uncovering properties of visual coding because target and mask do not overlap...

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VISUAL SIMILARITY IN MASKING AND PRIMING: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF TASK RELEVANCE

James T. Enns, Chris Oriet

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 211-226

Cognitive scientists use rapid image sequences to study both the emergence of conscious perception (visual masking) and the unconscious processes involved in response preparation (masked priming). The present study asked two questions: (1) Does image similarity influence masking and priming in the same way? (2) Are similarity effects in both tasks governed by the extent of feature overlap in the images...

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METZGER'S CHALLENGE

Adam Reeves

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 361-361

not available

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THE POWER OF THE FEED-FORWARD SWEEP

Rufin VanRullen

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 167-176

Vision is fast and efficient. A novel natural scene can be categorized (e.g. does it contain an animal, a vehicle?) by human observers in less than 150 ms, and with minimal attentional resources. This ability still holds under strong backward masking conditions. In fact, with a stimulus onset asynchrony of about 30 ms (the time between the scene and mask onset), the first 30 ms of selective behavioral...

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THE MECHANISMS OF FEATURE INHERITANCE AS PREDICTED BY A SYSTEMS-LEVEL MODEL OF VISUAL ATTENTION AND DECISION MAKING

Fred H. Hamker

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 111-123

Feature inheritance provides evidence that properties of an invisible target stimulus can be attached to a following mask. The author applies a systems-level model of attention and decision making to explore the influence of memory and feedback connections in feature inheritance. He finds that the presence of feedback loops alone is sufficient to account for feature inheritance. Although our simulations...

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THE NEGATIVE COMPATIBILITY EFFECT: A CASE FOR SELF-INHIBITION

Friederike Schlaghecken, Laura Rowley, Sukhdev Sembi, Rachel Simmons, more

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 227-240

In masked priming, a briefly presented prime stimulus is followed by a mask, which in turn is followed by the task-relevant target. Under certain conditions, negative compatibility effects (NCEs) occur, with impaired performance on compatible trials (where prime and target indicate the same response) relative to incompatible trials (where they indicate opposite responses). However, the exact boundary...

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VISUAL MASKING AND THE DYNAMICS OF HUMAN PERCEPTION, COGNITION, AND CONSCIOUSNESS: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS, A CONTEMPORARY SYNTHESIS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Ulrich Ansorge, Gregory Francis, Michael H. Herzog, Haluk Ogmen

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 1-8

The 1990s, the 'decade of the brain', witnessed major advances in the study of visual perception, cognition, and consciousness. Impressive techniques in neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, neuropsychology, electrophysiology, psychophysics and brain-imaging were developed to address how the nervous system transforms and represents visual inputs. Many of these advances have dealt with the steady-state properties...

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NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE MASKED-PRIMING - IMPLICATIONS FOR MOTOR INHIBITION

Petroc Sumner

Advances in Cognitive Psychology > 2007 > 3 > 1-2 > 317-326

Masked stimuli can prime responses to subsequent target stimuli, causing response benefits when the prime is similar to the target. However, one masked-prime paradigm has produced counter-intuitive negative compatibility effects (NCE), such that performance costs occur when prime and target are similar. This NCE has been interpreted as an index of an automatic self-inhibition mechanism that suppresses...

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Advances in Cognitive Psychology

WHAT SHOULD A QUANTITATIVE MODEL OF MASKING LOOK LIKE AND WHY WOULD WE WANT IT?

SPATIO-TEMPORAL LOW-LEVEL NEURAL NETWORKS ACCOUNT FOR VISUAL MASKING

TOP-DOWN MODULATION OF UNCONSCIOUS 'AUTOMATIC' PROCESSES: A GATING FRAMEWORK

THE ROLE OF FEEDBACK IN VISUAL MASKING AND VISUAL PROCESSING

BINDING BINDING: DEPARTURE POINTS FOR A DIFFERENT VERSION OF THE PERCEPTUAL RETOUCH THEORY

WHAT DETERMINES THE DIRECTION OF SUBLIMINAL PRIMING

METACONTRAST MASKING AND THE CORTICAL REPRESENTATION OF SURFACE COLOR: DYNAMICAL ASPECTS OF EDGE INTEGRATION AND CONTRAST GAIN CONTROL

CONCEPTS OF VISUAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND THEIR MEASUREMENT

MECHANISMS OF SUBLIMINAL RESPONSE PRIMING

GROUPING BASED FEATURE ATTRIBUTION IN METACONTRAST MASKING

VISUAL MASKING: PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS, PRESENT STATUS, FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

SENSORIMOTOR SUPREMACY: INVESTIGATING CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS VISION BY MASKED PRIMING

COMMON-ONSET MASKING SIMULATED WITH A DISTRIBUTED-CODE MODEL

VISUAL SIMILARITY IN MASKING AND PRIMING: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF TASK RELEVANCE

METZGER'S CHALLENGE

THE POWER OF THE FEED-FORWARD SWEEP

THE MECHANISMS OF FEATURE INHERITANCE AS PREDICTED BY A SYSTEMS-LEVEL MODEL OF VISUAL ATTENTION AND DECISION MAKING

THE NEGATIVE COMPATIBILITY EFFECT: A CASE FOR SELF-INHIBITION

VISUAL MASKING AND THE DYNAMICS OF HUMAN PERCEPTION, COGNITION, AND CONSCIOUSNESS: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS, A CONTEMPORARY SYNTHESIS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE MASKED-PRIMING - IMPLICATIONS FOR MOTOR INHIBITION

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