The author puts here a general thesis, that the question marked here in the title cannot be reasonably provided with final answers. Nevertheless, one may point out these circumstances and conditions in which confession and science exclude each other, and as well these, in which both are complementary or at least peacefully coexist. Helpful in this matter is a recall of the history of relations between religion and science and listening to what significant theologians, scholars and philosophers have to say. They are as well authors of confrontation and mediation scenarios. This, which of them were realized in the praxis depended not just on them alone, but also many other social conditions. This recall of past might become a valuable guidance for so!ving problems occurring between confession and science.