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The most important medieval treaty concerning the theory of music is 'De institutione Musica' by Boethius. In this work, he presented an idea of 'musica mundana', which had been a predominant metaphysical conception of music until 14th century, when it was criticized by Johannes de Grocheo. Nevertheless, some aspects of Boethian doctrine were repeated even in 16th century by some theorists (Gaffurius,...
The article, is aimed at presenting the main conceptions of eugenics movement and its social consequences. 'Improvements of societies' were often executed at the expense of individuals or the whole social groups which were considered inferior species. Thousands of people were sterilized (e. g. in the USA) or eliminated (as in fascist Germany). That is why the word 'eugenics' arouses negative feelings...
The essay 'The concept of Reality' is a part of the first systematic work of Ernst Cassirer, the alumnus of the Marburg school, titled 'Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff. Untersuchungen über Grundfragen der Erkenntniskritik' (1910). It developed certain position concerning the problem of reality, which is representative for this school. This conception, and especially the shift of cognitive perspective,...
The authoress asks two questions. The first, is war really the best action of a polis how the introductory conversation of the 'Timaeus' (19b -c) suggests. The second, has been the Sokrates' desire to see his ideal polis in action fulfilled in the 'Timaeus-Critias' sequence. The approach to the problems seems to be found in the 'Laws', where these two questions are turned to this one: might war be...
The paper seeks to present a conception of the didactics of logic according to Jean Alexis Borrelly (1738-1810), the author of among others 'Plan de réformations des etudes élémentaires' (La Haye 1776) and a textbook for logic 'Elémens de l'art de penser, ou la logique, réduite a ce qu'elle a d'utile' (Berlin 1777). The legacy of Borrelly summarises the tendencies typical of the Enlightenment with...
'Tractatus de Successivis' attributed to William Ockham divides in three parts: on motion, on place and on time. Considerations given in the third part, 'on time', plays important role in conceptualistic metaphysical theory of time. Study on Ockham prepares important conclusions concerning critical Aristotelianism in 14th century. M. Karas' translation gives also an example of the late scholastic...
Revolutionary and counter-revolutionary world-views are presented as 'militant and competing outlooks' - zero-sum game players' world-views in the war over a character of communal life system. These are antithetical views. Their subjects are social forces acting in their antagonistic interests and aspirations. The world-views are presented as two, fundamentally different models of understanding sociotechnics...
The article is concerned with the most important threads of criticism of Wittgenstein's Tractatus as it was presented in 'Zagadnienie psychofizyczne' by Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz. The main objection refers to the formal character of Wittgenstein's ontology, which - says Witkiewicz - ignores the basic distinction between the aspects of the dualistic structure of being. The objection is closely connected...
By emphasising the role of the social factor in the human life, the sophists created the foundations of European sociopolitical thought which arose from the spirit of criticism, pervading the Athenian democratic culture in the second half of the 5th century B.C. They gave rise to the first anthropological breakthrough in the history of our civilisation by treating philosophy, education and upbringing...
The article is devoted to Vilfredo Pareto's reflections on socialism and dicusses thoroughly his important work 'Les syst'emes socialistes', especially its first part dealing with so called real socialist systems. This large treatise edited in 1901-1902 played an important role in the evolution of Pareto's ideas. It brought the early version of his famous theory of social elites that was strictly...
The objective of the paper is to show the manner in which Ludwik Gumplowicz's thoughts have been received in Poland. Pointed out are its delayed reception as well as factors affecting its form. An attitude commonly held by Polish researchers (Jan Karol Kochanowski, Aleksander Kraushar, Stanislaw Posner, Mieczyslaw Szerer, Jan Stanislaw Bystron, and Franciszek Mirek), as to the native origins of L...
The article presents the last work of the well-known Polish neo-messianist philosopher, Wincenty Lutoslawski (1863-1954), who was also famous as a researcher into Platonic chronology. The typescript of the 'Metaphysics' was preserved in the Archives of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU) in Cracow, and also by philosopher's daughter - Janina...
Two civilizational doctrines developed by Polish scholars are discussed and analytically compared: the one by Feliks Koneczny (1862-1949) and the other by Erazm Majewski (1858-1922). Some logical aspects of both are worked out. The doctrines in question have some points in common. The main are: a strong conviction that a solution of the problem of civilisation is crucial to understanding of history...
Feliks Mlynarski (1884-1972) holds a specific position in the history of Polish Thought. He had philosophical ambitions, not only restricting to historiosophy and the theory of society. His metaphysical ideas are the least known. As the philosopher of history he pointed to three stages of emancipation: equality to God, equality to law and equal rights to social income. In his theory of the nation...
The article aims to confront the skeptical critique of cognition with Nietzsche's refutation of classical epistemology. Irrespective of some striking analogies, it does not purport that skepticism exerted direct impact on Nietzsche's philosophy. Nevertheless, both critiques reject such a type of philosophy that endeavors to discover the very nature of things and both repudiate the dogmatic dichotomy...
Saint Thomas Aquinas' exposition of the principles of psychology given in his Commentary on Aristotle's 'De Anima' concerns three questions: a) the subjective and objective purpose of a psychological analysis; b) the methods (demonstration of fact, causal demonstration, composition or synthesis of informations to prepare a definition); c) the subject of this science, which the soul is. The subjective...
The article begins with a comparison of Descartes' theory of object with its scholastic predecessors. In Descartes' thought the object is restricted to its human figure, while Augustine, Henry of Ghent and Duns Scotus describe this concept primarily in the horizon of the divine thought. Even if Descartes leaves out the theological meaning of object, its new epistemic subject becomes the ground of...
Publishing the Polish translation of Part I of 'Tractatus de Successivis' attributed to William Ockham, the author reminds that it divides in three parts: on motion, on place and on time. Considerations given there plays important role in conceptualistic metaphysical theory of motion, place and time. Study on Ockham prepares important conclusions concerning critical Aristotelianism in XIV century...
The article presents radical and consistent critique of the Polish political elite by Stanislaw Wyspianski - the examples are his eight dramas, interpreted as black political comedies. Stanislaw Wyspianski accuses the elite of lack of factual knowledge and efforts to fulfil Polish national interests and aspirations. He brings as well an accusation of lack of socio-political imagination, ingenuity...
The present article discusses theory of nation as founded by J.K. Kochanowski. In Polish philosophy his views have virtually become forgotten. Yet, his thinking seems to have much in common with the foundations of psychologism and sociologism, although it is the former which appears closer to his own views. In his philosophical 'oeuvre' we can find threads inspired by his reflection on a crowd. All...
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