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This article is devoted to the concept of axiology, namely, the study of values, in the context of understanding and analysing the concept of a knowledge-based society. Thus, first of all, one has to explain the axiological, or value-oriented, perspective and its interpretation of a knowledge-based society. Second, one must explain how this perspective can help to clarify the concept of a knowledge-based society; that is, how does this perspective differ from analyses performed according to economic, social or cultural theories? Third, when addressing the subject of values, possibly it is worthwhile to broaden and universalise the matter, namely, to indicate that values can become a real problem and challenge for understanding knowledge and modern society of the 21st century.