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This article deals concisely with the criteria enabling to consider Catholic-Church saints or blessed to be martyr missionaries. The premises identified for the purpose were applied in selection of the most representative martyr missionaries for the mediaeval time, the modern era and our day, respectively. The thus broadly-set chronological frame is rooted in the fact that it has been the identical...
(Polish title: Sredniowieczny meczennik - Miles et athleta Christi. Meczenstwo w Polsce w okresie sredniowiecza jako wyraz tozsamosci i wiarygodnosci Kosciola). Martyrdom in the Church is a constant reality, not a characteristic trait of a time of persecution. Thus, in the Middle Ages, although on a smaller scale than previously, there were cases of witness to Christ given by shedding one's blood...
This paper tries to establish the original meaning of the early Christian title martyr. Analising the source texts allowed to draw several important conclusions: 1) Christian writers of the first two centuries give the term martyr and its derivatives denotations connected mainly with the widely understood Christian testifying- especially with admitting to being a Christian; 2) In their understanding,...
The Author proposes how to define the 'repressive measures' used by security authorities of what was the People's Republic of Poland (PRP) against the Roman Catholic clergy. He subsequently discusses chronological aspects of these repressive measures as well as outlines the research area. According to his suggestion, Roman Catholic clergy within the limits of post-Yalta Poland, the PRP of the period...
1939 saw the Polish lands occupied by two totalitarian systems acting hostile to the Church - i.e. communism and National Socialism. Moreover, both the Germans and the Soviets perceived Polish clergymen as the nation's actual leadership team, a force which propagated patriotic values. Ukrainian nationalists persecuted Polish clergy on this same account. Forms of persecutions applied in German-occupied...
Between 1939 and 1946, resulting from political and political-system-related as well as national events occurring in Poland, the organisation of the Greek Catholic diocese of Przemysl was destroyed to a considerable extent. As of 1946, a total of 230 Uniate parishes and branches were contained within the limits of Poland, plus five affiliated localities and other localities then remaining part of...
The article presents martyrdom in the Catholic Church in the modern era (16th-18th century) in some European countries. Besides socio-political and national factors, divisions and breaks among Christians in the years 1054 and 1517 had tragic consequences on the persecution of Catholics. The author not only illustrates persecutions of Catholics and mentions the most famous martyrs in that era, but...
Male orders in Poland were perceived by the communists as a disciplined and well-organised army of the Church. The orders' influential power in Polish society was enormous and it did bother the communist authorities which wanted to hold a monopoly in ruling the people's souls. They accordingly took all measures to have the orders eliminated from the social life. The authorities publicly explained...
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