Psychological Studies

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ATTENTION! - BRAIN IN ACTION. ON NEURONAL BASIS OF ATTENTION MECHANISM

E. Wronka

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 41 > 1 > 11-24

The following article review the issues concerning neuronal basis of attention. Attention is not treated by author as a single entity but as a name given to a finite set of brain processes interacting with each other and influencing other brain processes in the performance of perceptual, motor and cognitive actions. At the most general level one could state that function of attention is to allow and...

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ATTENTION AS A MECHANISM OF DIFFERENTATION OF COGNITIVE STRUCTURE

J. Orzechowski, H. Bednarek

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 125

The purpose of the research was to explore mechanisms of attention of Witkin's styles. It has been assumed that the style independent of the field will be related to a higher efficiency of selective attention's process. There were 96 people who participated in the research: 67 women and 29 men, aged 20,9 (+/-2,6). In the experiment, in addition to Embedded Figures Test, a battery of cognitive tests...

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LEARNED IRRELEVANCE - THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING ATTENTIONAL SET SHIFTING

A. Owen, A. Slabosz

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 71-78

The present project aims at investigating factors underlying 'learned irrelevance', one of the cognitive mechanisms that is responsible for extradimensional shifting deficits. In the attentional set-shifting task (N = 70) subjects were required to learn a series of visual discriminations on the basis of feedback presented after each trial. Complex stimuli consisting of three perceptual dimensions:...

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EFFICIENCY OF ATTENTION AND INTELLIGENCE: A PARAMETRIC MODEL IN THE ACT-R ARCHITECTURE

A. Chuderski, E. Necka

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 111-124

In the research, a hypothesis that intelligent subjects are characterized by a more efficient attentional mechanism was proved. A new experimental task was exploited, which measures the ability to control two concurrent mental activities, but imposes minimal motor demands. Significant number of errors during the dual-task condition, and fast automatization were observed, which confirm theoretical...

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION

M. Bialecka-Pikul, M. Kantaruk

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 25-36

The revival of research on attention in cognitive psychology leads to take up the problem of development of attention, especially searching selective attention of children. The aim of the presented study was to answer the question how selective attention develops in 8 to 13 years old children. In pilot study we observed clear developmental changes up to 10 years of age, but there were no changes between...

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STATES OF ATTENTION FOSTERING INFLUENCES OF AFFECT ON JUDGMENTS

A. Kolanczyk

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 93-110

A conjecture has been formulated that affect can influence judgment, even when the source of affect, for example a frightened face, is perceived consciously. Limited resources and extensiveness of attention foster this influence. The first part of this article seeks to prove the relationship between extensive attention, and global, superficial, particularly sensual perception. The results have been...

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ATTENTION - EMOTIONS - ALEXYTHYMIA

T. Maruszewski

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 79-92

The paper is aimed at finding relations between selective function of attention and alexithymia. We also tried to answer the question if attentional selection varies in different emotional states. Selective attention was studied with own modification of Moron test. The test consists in a matrix containing 400 schematic expressions of various emotions and SS are asked to find and mark faces with expression...

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IS THE HOMUNCULUS IDENTIFIED?

E. Necka

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 7-10

Higher-order functions of cognitive control are not dealt with properly by contemporary psychologists. All to often, the mysterious 'little man', or homunculus, is implicitly referred to when speaking about the mechanisms of cognitive control. For instance, control is switched on or off, but by whom? The thesis of this short note is to suggest that attention is the mechanism that plays a role implicitly...

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UNITARY ATTENTION: REACTIVATION

B. Szymura, E. Necka

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 47-56

The question whether attention is a unitary concept or not is still unanswered. Allport suggested possibility of autonomic modules of attentional system, whereas Kahneman postulated mechanism of attentional distribution of common mental energy resources. In three independent experiments (N = 59, N = 62, N = 102) three models of attentional control was tested: unitary model (controled processing),...

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ATTENTIONAL SET SHIFTING -THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONTROL AND AUTOMATIC PROCESSES IN COSTS OF A TASK SWITCHING

K. Smigasiewicz, A. Szumura B. Slabosz

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 57-70

The main aim of the presented study was to search on specific stimulation conditions that determine the process of attentional shifting. The selective attention task TPSA based on Posner and Mitchell's paradigm was applied (N = 71). In compliance with the task instructions, subjects had to make an elastic change of the selection rule (nominal identity, e.g. <r,R>/physical identity, e.g. <R,R>)...

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THE ROLE OF A COLOUR AS A BASIC DIMENSION IN VISUAL SEARCH

A. Slabosz, B Szymura

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 1 > 37-46

The data revealed from visual searching paradigm shows that search for simple targets is automatic and parallel, whereas search for conjunctive targets is attentive and serial. The present study aimed at investigation whether color makes conjunctive search more efficient than it is predicted on a basis of serial models of conjunctive search. In a visual search task subjects (N = 50) searched for targets...

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MORTALITY SALIENCE PROCEDURE'S INFLUENCE ON READINESS TO ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR

M. Jaskiewicz

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 47-56

According to the Terror Management Theory, it was predicted that mortality salience leads to engagement in altruistic behavior. Results of experiment 1 supported this prediction. Participants in mortality salience condition had the will to engage in altruistic behavior more often than participants in control condition. The different studies suggested that this effect could be mediated by the change...

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GOALS, REACTIVITY, AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

R. Cieslak, T. Klonowicz

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 27-40

The study tested whether (a) temperamental reactivity was related to intrinsic and extrinsic goals, (b) reactivity and goals predicted subjective well-being (SWB). The data were collected in the Polish General Social Survey on the representative national sample (N = 1221). Participants completed a questionnaire to measure SWB, reactivity, and personal - extrinsic and intrinsic - goals. SWB was defined...

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PURCHASE MOTIVES AS DETERMINANTS OF BRAND LOYALTY

A. M. Zawadzka

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 105

The aim of this research was to verify a hypothesis concerning the possibility of predicting brand loyalty according to purchase motives. Two separate studies were carried out and according to cognitive approach two different criteria of brand loyalty were adopted: brand awareness in the first study and attitude in the other one. Purchase Motives Questionnaire (Zawadzka 2003b) was employed to measure...

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THEORY OF MIND AND THE BREADTH OF OLDER SIBLINGS EFFECT AND ITS RELATIONS TO PRETEND PLAY AND INHIBITORY CONTROL

A. Putko

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 69-80

Two studies assessed a breadth of older siblings effect - whether it includes better understanding of other than beliefs mental states, and what is the role of pretend play and inhibitory control in the mechanism of the effect. In study 1 with ninety-one children between 3 and 4 years there were used false belief tasks with additional questions investigating understanding of conflicting desires and...

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UNALTERABILITY PARAMETERS OF DATA RETENTION IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

A. M. Stawiska

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 81-92

The authoress investigated the role of emotional and metacognitive components in the prediction of autobiographical memory and tried to confirm that people use cyclic temporal schema to date the events. Three subjects wrote down two important events every day during three months. Each event was estimated on five scales: arousal, emotionality, importance, length of the sequence and probability of rehearsal...

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SHYNESS, SOCIABILITY AND PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT

I. Dzwonkowska

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 41-46

Relations between shyness, sociability and various dimensions of social support were studied in a sample of 267 participants (151 females and 116 males). The age of the subjects was 19–49. Shyness and sociability appeared significant predictors of perceived social support. Sociable people generally perceived more social support than unsociable people both from relatives and colleagues. However shyness...

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THE FAMILY ETHOS - THE COMMUNITY OF MEANINGS EXPRESSED IN THE STRUCTURE OF FAMILY MEMBERS' AUTONARRATIONS

M. Chadzynska, E. Dryll

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 17-26

Family ethos is an unique system of meanings, which is created during everyday interactions of family members. Ethos is reflected in language. The research is an attempt at examining family ethos, as the whole, by analysis of narrations of family members. We assume that family ethos manifests itself in contents of narration and in the manner of which family members present narrations. We analysed...

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MOTIVATED COGNITION AND CULTURAL WORLDVIEWS AS PREDICTORS OF POLITICAL PREFERENCES

A. Borowiak, A Golec

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 5-16

The present study investigates the role of motivated cognition (need for cognitive closure), the type of personal worldviews (traditional, modern, postmodern) and political involvement in shaping political preferences among Polish subjects. The results indicate that the high need for closure is positively associated with support for traditional and modern worldview. Support for the traditional worldview...

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HOW SMOKERS RESOLVE CONFLICT BETWEEN THEIR IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDES?

N. Maliszewski

Psychological Studies > 2004 > 42 > 2 > 57-68

Do smokers experience conflict when their negative implicit attitude and positive explicit attitude towards smoking is activated? In study 1 attitudes were activated by anti-smoking arguments. The stronger negative implicit attitude smokers had the more aversive tension (an indicator of conflict) they experienced. Non-smokers, whose both explicit and implicit attitude was negative, did not experience...

INFONA - science communication portal

Psychological Studies

ATTENTION! - BRAIN IN ACTION. ON NEURONAL BASIS OF ATTENTION MECHANISM

ATTENTION AS A MECHANISM OF DIFFERENTATION OF COGNITIVE STRUCTURE

LEARNED IRRELEVANCE - THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING ATTENTIONAL SET SHIFTING

EFFICIENCY OF ATTENTION AND INTELLIGENCE: A PARAMETRIC MODEL IN THE ACT-R ARCHITECTURE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION

STATES OF ATTENTION FOSTERING INFLUENCES OF AFFECT ON JUDGMENTS

ATTENTION - EMOTIONS - ALEXYTHYMIA

IS THE HOMUNCULUS IDENTIFIED?

UNITARY ATTENTION: REACTIVATION

ATTENTIONAL SET SHIFTING -THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONTROL AND AUTOMATIC PROCESSES IN COSTS OF A TASK SWITCHING

THE ROLE OF A COLOUR AS A BASIC DIMENSION IN VISUAL SEARCH

MORTALITY SALIENCE PROCEDURE'S INFLUENCE ON READINESS TO ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR

GOALS, REACTIVITY, AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

PURCHASE MOTIVES AS DETERMINANTS OF BRAND LOYALTY

THEORY OF MIND AND THE BREADTH OF OLDER SIBLINGS EFFECT AND ITS RELATIONS TO PRETEND PLAY AND INHIBITORY CONTROL

UNALTERABILITY PARAMETERS OF DATA RETENTION IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

SHYNESS, SOCIABILITY AND PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT

THE FAMILY ETHOS - THE COMMUNITY OF MEANINGS EXPRESSED IN THE STRUCTURE OF FAMILY MEMBERS' AUTONARRATIONS

MOTIVATED COGNITION AND CULTURAL WORLDVIEWS AS PREDICTORS OF POLITICAL PREFERENCES

HOW SMOKERS RESOLVE CONFLICT BETWEEN THEIR IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDES?

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