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The revolution in Iran began under anti – imperialist and national slogans against Mohammad Reza Pahlavi single rules, and ended with the advent of the new dictatorship of religious circles. The United States and Western Europe approved the change of power in Iran, fearing of the Communist influence. What is more, PRL newspapers put a sign of equality between the U.S. policy in Iran and the rule of...
The present article is a contribution to the history of post-war preventive censorship in the Polish People’s Republic, as well as an attempt to grasp the full scale of manipulations perpetrated against both authors and audience of the censored media — literally of ‘fabricating’ of other people’s texts. The purposes of institutional censorship were constant, prior to and after 1956. In brief, they...
The present article is a contribution to the history of post-war preventive censorship in the Polish People’s Republic, as well as an attempt to grasp the full scale of manipulations perpetrated against both authors and audience of the censored media — literally of ‘fabricating’ of other people’s texts. The purposes of institutional censorship were constant, prior to and after 1956. In brief, they...
XX w. to stulecie, w którym budziły się skrajne wersje nacjonalizmów, rozwijały i upadały totalitarne systemy polityczne, stulecie związanego z nimi zjawiska nazwanego w połowie XX w. mianem ludobójstwa – metodycznej zagłady całych ludzkich społeczności realizowanej z różnych urojonych powodów. Jedne po drugich kolejne społeczności, na różnych kontynentach, padały ofiarą prób ich eksterminacji: Herero...
Klasyczne kino rosyjskie często utożsamiane jest z komunistycznymi filmami pro-pagandowymi z lat dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX wieku. Jednak początki tamtejszego przemysłu filmowego sięgają czasów z przed rewolucji październikowej. W następnych latach bolszewicy często sięgali do doświadczeń i osiągnięć swoich poprzedników, tworząc dzieła programowo polityczne. Poniższy tekst stanowi prezentację...
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