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Avalanche photodiodes (APD) are important components in short-wave and mid-wave infrared detection systems (imaging, laser radar, communications, etc.) because their internal gain can improve receiver sensitivity and enable the detection of weak photon fluxes. However, gain originates from impact ionization, a stochastic process that results in excess noise and limits the gain-bandwidth product. The...
Applications for single photon detection include optical time domain reflectometry [1], quantum key distribution (QKD) [2], laser ranging [3], three-dimensional imaging [4, 5], time resolved spectroscopy [6], circuit testing [7], and biological imaging [8]. Two common candidates are superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) [9] and upconversion detectors [10]. However, while the performance...
• Performance of Geiger-mode APDs is improving rapidly ↓ • New application opportunities • Infrared SPADs - Acceptable detection efficiencies - Need lower dark count rates → higher operating temperature - Need solution for afterpulsing - Initial systems demonstrations and field trials
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