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Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and forward osmosis (FO) have been proposed to integrate with seawater reverse osmosis (RO) in order to reduce the overall energy consumption of desalination. However, their economic advantages in comparison to conventional RO have not been validated. This study aims to use well-developed mass transfer and economic models to investigate the technical and economic feasibilities...
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a promising technology to reduce the specific energy consumption of a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant. In this study, it is projected that 25.6–40.7millionkWh/day of energy can be recovered globally, if the brines from SWRO are used as the draw solution and diluted to the seawater level in a PRO system. Detailed integrated SWRO–PRO processes are developed in...
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