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In this paper, modified zirconias (WZ, SZ, and TiZ) have been extensively compared under the same reaction conditions as catalysts for both the transesterification of triglycerides (TGs) and the esterification of carboxylic acids (free fatty acids, FFAs) with ethanol. In addition, for the first time, the catalyzed rate of hydrolysis/esterification+transesterification of triglycerides has been quantified...
Although homogeneous alkali catalysts (e.g., NaOH) are commonly used to produce biodiesel by transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oils and animal fats) and methanol, solid acid catalysts, such as acidic resins, are attractive alternatives because they are easy to separate and recover from the product mixture and also show significant activity in the presence of fatty acid impurities, which...
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