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Chemical sensors and biosensors have attracted considerable attention within the field of modern analytical chemistry, as seen both from the number of publications and from the diversity of approaches and techniques. This is essentially due to new demands and opportunities that are appearing particularly in clinical settings, (e.g., routine blood testing), environmental monitoring, warfare protection,...
Since nitric oxide (NO) was biologically identified as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in 1987 [1], there has been a great increase in the research of its chemistry, biology, and therapeutic actions. In 1992, NO was declared “molecule of the year” in Science [2]. Since then, in addition to acting as the molecular messenger and vasodilator, NO has been found to be involved in a wide range of...
One of the major goals in developing novel biological assay methods for the detection of biomolecules and DNA hybridization is achieving high sensitivity. The need for ultrasensitive bioassays is of major importance in view of the growing trend toward miniaturized assays. Highly sensitive methods, which are urgently required for measuring disease diagnosis markers present at ultralow levels during...
In recent years, many researchers have been engaged in the development of biosensors for environmental and biomedical monitoring. A biosensor is an analytical device composed of a biological sensing element such as a protein, antigen, antibody, DNA, or RNA in intimate contact with a physical, optical, mass, or electrochemical transducers, which can generate a measurable signal relating to the concentration...
Cells are the basic units of life. All organisms are made up of cells. Thus, developing sensing platforms for probing the chemistry and physics in or at a living cell is one of the basic goals in understanding the intricate processes that ultimately contribute to life and life processes. Moreover, in the field of medicine, each cell type has a unique molecular signature that distinguishes between...
The history of carbon nanofiber (CNF) can go back more than a century. It was reported in a patent published in 1889 that carbon filaments are grown from carbon-containing gases using a metallic crucible as the – probably unintentional – catalyst [1]. In 1950, a Russian group performed the first electron microscopy observations of CNFs. For the first 80 years of the twentieth century, however, the...
Since their discovery, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively investigated as essential platforms in constructing electrochemical biosensors. CNTs can be classified into two basic varieties: single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which are a single layer of graphene sheet rolled into cylindrical tubes, and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) comprised of multiple layers of concentric cylinders...
Accurate, rapid, inexpensive, and selective analysis is required today for use in clinical diagnostics and the food industry. The majority of known electrochemical biosensors are based on immobilized specific biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, nuclear acids, antibodies, and antigens on the modified electrodes [1–8]. These resulting biomolecule-based devices usually show high sensitivity and...
Carbohydrates, which are defined as polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones, or larger compounds that can be hydrolyzed into such units, are ubiquitous in the living world. Carbohydrates act as the sources of energy and carbon in plants and animals and are the important structural elements in plant cell walls as well as in the extracellular matrix of animal and human tissues. Like nucleic acids...
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), also known as electrochemiluminescence, is the luminescence generated by relaxation of exited-state molecules that are produced during an electrochemically initiated reaction [1]. The phenomenon of ECL has been known for a long time. Reports date back as far as 1927 for the light emission of Grignard compounds at applied potentials [2] and 1929 for the ECL...
Technological platforms that provide the reliable, rapid, quantitative, cheap, and high-throughput identification of biomolecules play a significant role in the clinical deployment of personalized treatment [1]. A biosensor is a small device employing biochemical molecular-recognition properties as the basis for a selective analysis [2]. Three basic parts are involved in any biosensor system: biosensing,...
Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are required for the storage and expression of genetic information. DNA is present not only in chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic organism, but also in mitochondria and in the chloroplasts of plants. Prokaryotic cells, which lack nuclei, have a single chromosome but also contain nonchromosomal DNA in the form of...
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition, porous materials are divided into three classes: microporous (<2 nm), mesoporous (2–50 nm), and macroporous (>50 nm). When the pore dimension is in the nanometer range, such materials can be denoted as nanoporous materials [1]. Recently, nanoporous materials have found increasing applications in many areas,...
Porphyrins are an important class of conjugated organic molecules, which can be employed to mimic the active site of many important enzymes, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), nitric oxide reductase, vitamin B12, and chlorophyll [1–3]. The macrocyclic structure of porphyrin can conjugate many metal elements to form stable metalloporphyrins, which have remarkable photo-, catalytic-,...
The unique properties of nanoscale materials (1–200 nm) offer excellent platforms for electronic or optical signal transduction and the design of a new generation of bioelectronic and biosensing devices. However, the drawbacks of nanoparticles (NPs) in biocompatibility and biological recognition ability limit their application in analytical chemistry. The biofunctionalization of nanomaterials can...
Taste and smell are the two human senses that are chemical in nature. However, they have not been as successfully replicated with sensors, probably because of the complexity of the human system [1]. Although the science behind taste is still not fully elucidated, it is known that it relies on a series of taste cells densely packed in taste buds mainly located on the tongue and palate and in the pharynx...
There is a continuously increasing demand for the specific and sensitive determination of trace amounts of analytes in complex matrices for various purposes. In this respect, immunoassays and immunosensors that rely on antibody–antigen binding provide a promising approach of analysis for their remarkable specificity and sensitivity. High specificity of immunoassays and immunosensors is achieved...
Organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) are widely used in agriculture due to their high effectiveness and low toxicity for pest control and protecting crops and seeds [1, 2]. Their residuals in crops, livestock, and poultry products are clearly dangerous to human health. The related clinical signs include negative effects on the visual system, sensory function, cognitive function, and nervous system...
Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering
This book will cover the full scope of nanobiosensing, which combines the newest research results in the cross-disciplines of chemistry, biology, and materials science with biosensing and bioanalysis to develop novel detection principles, sensing mechanisms, and device engineering methods. It not only covers the important types of nanomaterials for biosensing applications, including carbon nanotubes,...
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