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Abstract Despite earlier scepticism there is now evidence for simple forms of intentional and functionally referential communication in many animal species. Here we investigate whether dogs engage in functional referential communication with their owners. Showing is defined as a communicative action consisting of both a directional component related to an external target and an attention-getting component...
Abstract Since the observations of O. Pfungst the use of human-provided cues by animals has been well-known in the behavioural sciences (Clever Hans effect). It has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are unable to use the direction of gazing by the experimenter as a cue for finding food, although after some training they learned to respond to pointing by hand. Direction of gaze...
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