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Spinal degeneration can occur not only in the bone and disc but also in muscles. Fatty infiltration (FI) and decreased volume have been described as characteristic changes that occur in muscle degeneration. Many studies about the lumbar paraspinal muscles have been conducted on patients with spine problems. However, the natural changes of age-dependent degeneration in the paraspinal muscles have not...
Purpose The goal of this study was to identify direct cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways in the interface between ventricles and cisterns. Such routes are hypothesized to be involved in alternative CSF flows in abnormal circumstances of CSF circulation. Methods Chronic obstructive hydrocephalus models were induced in ten Sprague–Dawley rats with kaolin injection into the cisterna magna. Three weeks...
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