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Surfaces of materials irradiated by an electron beam emit low-energy secondary electrons and backscattered primary electrons. The total emission yield. defined as the ratio of the number of emitted electrons to the number of incident electrons. increases with decreasing primary energy. At the second crossover point this ratio equals unity and with further decreasing energy the emission yield reaches...
In recent studies,1,2 switching characteristics of PVDF were investigated in the time domain by measuring charge and current responses to the stepwise application of electric fields in circuits with RC time constants smaller than 1 µS. Switching times for polarization reversal of 4 µS and larger were reported depending on the field strength and temperature.1,2 Similar shapes of current vs. time curves...
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