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We present a 1×80 pixel line sensor for direct time-of-flight measurement based on single-photon avalanche diodes fabricated in a high-voltage 0.35 pm CMOS process. An in-pixel time-to-digital-converter with a resolution of 312.5 ps determines the arrival time of the first-photon for each emitted laser pulse from a flash illumination source for all pixels in parallel. Distance determination is performed...
For applications like autonomous driving a fast and reliable monitoring of the vehicle's environment is essential. With the possibility of fabricating single-photon avalanche diodes in standard CMOS processes, small and cost-efficient time-of-flight sensors can be realized. To estimate the performance of such a sensor a general theoretical model taking into account the properties of the light source,...
This communication addresses the range accuracy of SPAD-based time-of-flight (TOF) sensors that employ laser pulse modulation. Two basic approaches are considered: indirect and direct TOF. We investigate confidence intervals and derive formulas for standard errors of the relative distance error for both approaches based on photon statistics.
High ambient illumination reduces the range and target detection reliability in light-based 3D sensors. Raising the optical power of the artificial illumination source to overcome the influence of high ambient light is often not possible for systems with flash illumination due to eye safety constraints. The high timing resolution of single-photon avalanche diodes enables the search for photon concurrences...
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