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In the present study, outbreaks of respiratory disease were investigated for the presence of swine influenza virus (SIV). In 14 cases the circulating SIV strains were isolated, fully sequenced and compared with other known SIVs. The viruses causing the outbreaks belonged to the H1N1 (including human pandemic H1N1), H3N2 and H1N2 subtypes. In 11/14 cases the phylogenetic analyses indicated the occurrence...
Recently, A/H5N1 influenza viruses were shown to acquire airborne transmissibility between ferrets upon targeted mutagenesis and virus passage. The critical genetic changes in airborne A/Indonesia/5/05 were not yet identified. Here, five substitutions proved to be sufficient to determine this airborne transmission phenotype. Substitutions in PB1 and PB2 collectively caused enhanced transcription and...
Type I interferon (IFN) production is the hallmark for host innate immune responses upon virus infection. While most respiratory viruses carry antagonists of this response, reports on HMPV have been contradictive. Here we demonstrate that HMPV accumulates defective interfering particles (DIs) rapidly upon in vitro passage and that the presence of DIs is associated with IFN production. While low passage...
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