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Multi-rate (MR) simulation is necessary for a system which contains both large and small time constraints. In the traditional MR real-time simulation of MMC, only the MMC valves are implemented on FPGA with a small time-step, while the rest parts are implemented on central processing units (CPU) with a large time-step. This paper presents a fully FPGA based MR real-time simulation of two MMC terminals...
Real-time simulation is an important tool of validating the performance of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). By using the field programmable gates array (FPGA), MMC valves with hundreds of sub-modules and the large number of inputs and outputs can be simulated in real-time. In the traditional FPGA based real-time simulation, only the MMC valves are implemented on FPGA, while the rest parts including...
This paper introduces a new insertion index selection method to control a Back-to-Back Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) laboratory platform. The test bench is based on a Power-Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) setup constructed from two 6kVA, 3-phase, 10 cells per arm MMC systems connected in Back-to-Back configuration. The proposed insertion index selection method uses the arithmetic mean of available...
As HVDC based on voltage source converter (VSC) technology has already reached 350 kVdc voltage level, this paper examines the feasibility of connecting four voltage source converter (VSC) modules, each rated at 200 kVdc, in series to form a pole of UHVDC rated at 800 kVdc. Due to the series connection layouts, the individual DC bus voltage inequality exists when power reversal occurs. A detailed...
This paper presents a smart DC network formed by a multi-terminal VSC-HVDC connecting various micro-grids, independent power generation stations, and passive loads. The corresponding deadbeat current control scheme based on coordinated strategy for multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems is proposed. The current control scheme is easy to design, implement and has good dynamic response. the case of four-terminal...
Modular multilevel converters (MMC) have been at the heart of numerous research projects and publications over the last decade. This topology is particularly challenging when it comes to real-time simulation; it has thousands of power-switching devices, control signals, and differential equations to solve. This has led to various models with different levels of detail. Although, all models are equally...
This paper proposes to observe a set of capacitor voltages from modular multilevel converter using only one current and one voltage measurement for the ensemble. This is achieved by estimating the voltage values using the current and the gating signal. The estimation is then corrected using a sliding mode control on the voltage error of the whole half-arm. When compared with previously proposed observers,...
In this paper, a component efficient multilevel rectifier is modeled and controlled using Model Predictive Control (MPC) technique. The recently introduced Capacitor Tied Switches (CTS) converter structure features two distinct dc-load terminals which can operate at different voltage levels while experiencing high voltage levels at the ac-side terminals. The CTS converter structure inherits attractive...
This paper presents a new cell module for modular multilevel converter (MMC) used in electric vehicles application. Traditionally, MMC has been used in high-power high-voltage application. The large number of power electronic devices required is rather used for reducing their voltage stress than the harmonic contents. Using the proposed cell topology, higher numbers of levels are achieved while the...
In this paper, a new cell based Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) for AC-AC and AC-DC applications is presented. The new topology makes use of an efficient Packed U-Cells (PUC) structure to form the Multi-Cells Modular Multilevel Converters (M3C). It is a member of MMC root family, with extended operational capability covering therefore AC-AC and AC-DC modes of operation. A dynamic model of the PUC...
This paper presents real-time simulation results of a 512-level modular multilevel converter (MMC). Using off-the-shelf computers and FPGA boards, the converter, including the 6 valves, 6 arm inductors and the transformer, is simulated with a time-step of 450 ns. Such a small time-step is required to ensure high accuracy when applying gating signals but also when observing fault conditions. Simulation...
A combinational method for calculation of dynamic parameters of a round rotor synchronous generator in an 80 MVA, 10.5 KV power plant based on synchronous reactance calculation from phasor measurements and using rated value of control room signals is developed in this paper. The results of this analytical method, in comparison with other methods show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
Dynamic states of a synchronous machine, i.e. rotor angle and rotor speed, are important variables for power system control, studies and analysis. Availability or estimating of these variables would help us to monitor effectively the stability condition of the power systems in order to develop local or wide-area control loop to improve power system stability and reliability. To estimate the rotor...
Recently, two Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) projects are under construction in China. Since these are the first two multi-terminal MMC projects in the world and the controllers are sophisticated, a real time simulation platform becomes critical to enable hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test and validation of the MMC controllers in various scenarios, before applying them in the field. This paper presents...
Since Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) have a sophisticated control, the real time simulation platform becomes critical for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test of the actual controllers in various scenarios before commissioning. This paper presents a multi-rate real time simulator that is able to simulate electromagnetic transients of MMC systems and connect to industrial controllers through fiber...
This paper is the first comprehensive presentation of the SPADnet concept. SPADnet is a fully digital, networked MRI compatible time-of-flight PET system, exploiting the speed and integration density of deep-submicron CMOS technologies. The core enabling technologics of SPADnet are a sensor device comprising an array of 8×16 pixels, each composed of 4 mini-SiPMs with in situ time-to-digital conversion,...
Since the Web 2.0 era, the Internet is a huge content editing place in which users contribute to the content they browse. Users do not just edit the content but they collaborate on this content. Such shared content can be edited by thousands of people. However, current consistency maintenance algorithms seem not to be adapted to massive collaborative updating. Shared data is usually fragmented into...
This paper discusses the specifications and general structure of an electric circuit and motor drive solver on FPGA. The ‘Electric Hardware Solver’ or eHS presented in this paper have the objective to facilitate the usage of high-fidelity FPGA solutions for Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation by avoiding the difficulties associated with the coding of such devices by simulation engineers.
This paper presents a real-time simulation model for photovoltaic (PV) generators and a novel power conditioner for connecting solar energies into the electric grid. The power conditioner is composed of a zigzag-connected chopper (ZCC) converter and a series active power filter, which is controlled by PWM signals with a very high frequency of 20 kHz. A new set of converter models with interpolation...
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