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The following work investigates the risk of electrocution from earth potential rise at transmission substations and nearby third party locations as a result of a power system earth fault. Current earthing standards use a deterministic approach where the risk assessment considers a set of worst-case conditions. However, it is recognised that most of the parameters involved in calculating the earth...
Vertical earth rods are frequently used in conjunction with earth electrode systems such as grids or horizontal electrodes with the aim of decreasing the earth impedance at an installation. Horizontal earth electrodes may also be enhanced with additional conductors. In this paper, the current distribution in such combined earth systems is investigated. Two specific earthing arrangements are the subject...
The ability of a horizontal earth electrode in reducing earth potential rise is limited because, beyond a certain length known as the effective length, no further reduction is obtained. In this paper, field experiments and computer simulations of a horizontal earth electrode is presented. The electrode was energised using different sources (dc, variable frequency ac and transients of different shapes),...
This paper investigates the effect of the return current path on the impulse characteristics of practical tower footings. A new circular ring electrode system is used as a return electrode for measuring the impulse response of earth electrodes. Initial measurements and computer simulations show that this system makes the current flow radially away from the electrode and dissipates more evenly in the...
Analytical and numerical simulation techniques have been developed for the calculation of earth resistance/impedance and to estimate the potential distribution in the vicinity of earth electrodes. However, very little literature is available on experimental validation of these calculation techniques. To address this, a programme of experimental tests on various earth electrodes has been carried out...
With ambitious 2020 targets for increased energy efficiency and utilisation of sustainable energy sources fast approaching, the UK's electricity networks will need to adapt in order to integrate the vast amounts of small, distributed energy sources required. Microgeneration sources rated below 16A per phase will likely make a significant contribution to meet these targets, and as such a great deal...
In this paper, experimental set and initial test results are described of low voltage DC, AC and impulse tests on a rod electrode immersed in a water reservoir of a large hydro power station. A detailed water resistivity survey indicates largely uniform temperature and resistivity throughout the reservoir. Calculations and simulations of the rod electrode under DC and power frequency AC show reasonable...
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