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Active control of electric water heaters (EWHs) is presented in this paper as a means of exploiting demand flexibility for supporting low-voltage (LV) distribution grids. A single-node model of an EWH is implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory using a thermal energy balancing equation and three decentralized control schemes are designed to ensure consumer comfort, economic benefit to the consumer, and...
In this study, a new pricing approach is proposed to increase demand responsiveness. The proposed approach considers two well-known demand side management techniques, namely peak shaving and valley filling. This is done by incentivizing consumers by magnifying price difference between peak and off-peak hours. The usefulness of the suggested method is then investigated by its combination with an electric...
High penetration of photovoltaic panels in distribution grid can bring the grid to its operation limits. The main focus of the paper is to determine maximum photovoltaic penetration level in the grid. Three main criteria were investigated for determining maximum penetration level of PV panels; maximum voltage deviation of customers, cables current limits, and transformer nominal value. Voltage deviation...
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