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Mucous gland adenomas are rare benign neoplasms believed to arise from minor salivary-type glands of the bronchi. They are usually solitary and their diagnosis is seldom made pre-operatively. Endoscopically, they appear as pink to white sessile polypoid structures with smooth glistening surfaces. Little is known about their radiographic appearance but on CT they have been described as well-demarcated...
This tumor is a tumor of bronchial (“salivary”) gland derivation made of varying proportions of squamous cells, mucin-producing glandular cells, and intermediate cells. The major airways are usually involved but some tumors may be intraparenchymal. The age distribution is wide but generally favors the young, with no clear gender predilection. The symptoms are closely related to any degree of airway...
Teratomas are neoplasms derived from two or more germ cell lines that may be either mature or immature. Teratomas occur in individuals aged 19–68 years old but some occur in younger individuals. The presenting symptoms are those of an intrapulmonary mass. Rarely, trichoptysis (literally, the expectoration of hair) has been described in some cases. Teratomas are slow-growing tumors, and slow growth...
Chondromas are tumors of the lung and the airways which are made entirely of benign cartilage and by definition, lacking entirely of fat, muscle, or bone. Their true frequency is not known since hamartomas with major cartilaginous components are likely to have been misclassified in the past as chondromas. In addition to the lung, they occur in the larynx, trachea, and major bronchi. Primary chondrosarcomas...
Under the name “Uncommon Endobronchial Surface Tumors,” we consider generally benign epithelial proliferations of the trachea and bronchi whose common denominator is a papillary growth pattern. Currently, the World Health Organization recognizes three major histopathologic types: squamous, glandular, and mixed-type papillomas.
This uncommon non-small cell variant of lung cancer is characterized by combined histopathologic features of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Most patients have history of smoking and the clinical presentation is similar to that of other non-small cell carcinomas. A requirement for diagnosis is that each component represents at least 10% of the tumor substance. Furthermore, unequivocal...
This is a rare neoplasm believed to arise from ectopic or aberrant thymic tissue in either lung or pleura, with histologic features resembling those of thymomas occurring in the thymus gland. The clinical manifestations are nonspecific including cough, chest pain, and fever. Tumors located near the pleura may be associated with effusions. Rare cases associated with myasthenia gravis have been reported...
Currently, adenocarcinoma ranks as the number one type of major lung cancer, constituting a significant proportion of all of the non-small cell lung cancers. In contrast to small cell and squamous cell lung cancers which are centrally located, most adenocarcinomas are peripheral, subpleural in location. The few that are central may be visualized endoscopically as endobronchial polyoid masses. Radiographically,...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) formerly known as pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma is currently regarded by the World Health Organization as a clonal neoplastic proliferation of histiocytes. However, adult variants may represent reactive processes, usually associated with cigarette smoking. Most patients with LCH are either current or former smokers. Radiographically, LCH shows a predilection...
All primary neoplasms of the pleura are very rare. As noted in Chap. 1, DMM is the most frequent primary neoplasm of the pleura and only about 2,000 new cases occur per year in the USA. Other primary neoplasms of the pleura may be unfamiliar to the surgeon and pathologist because of the infrequency with which they are encountered, making diagnosis challenging. Since some of these neoplasms are benign...
This carcinoma represents about 10% of all lung cancers. Microscopically, its main feature is the high level of malignancy and lack of squamous or glandular features. However, on electron microscopy, features of either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell can be appreciated suggesting that large cell carcinomas are basically poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas. Nonetheless,...
Bioinformatics has become an essential part of omics research and requires unique practical and analytical skills for appropriate results interpretation. Bioinformatics uses computers and statistics to perform extensive omics-related research by searching biological databases and comparing gene sequences and protein on a vast scale to identify sequences or proteins that differ between diseased and...
This type of pulmonary vascular tumor differs primarily from epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma on account of its intravascular location and fibroblastic or leiomyomatous nature. Clinically, pulmonary artery sarcoma may present as a single large pulmonary embolus or multiple smaller emboli. Some may present with symptoms and signs right sided cardiac failure. CT tomography, MRI and...
A major type of non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma was for many years the leading cell type in terms of frequency. Currently, it ranks second to adenocarcinoma but remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. As is the case with small cell cancers, squamous cell carcinomas are centrally located, near the hilum and prone to present with hemoptysis and/or early symptoms related...
A low-grade lymphoma, maltoma, represents a form of marginal zone lymphoma arising from mucosal (bronchial) associated lymphoid tissue. Maltomas may arise de novo or be preceded by autoimmune disorders of the lung. Radiographically, maltoma may present as single or multiple nodular masses involving one or both lungs. Airways are usually not affected by these tumors and are likely to remain intact,...
Small cell carcinomas are highly malignant tumors composed of relatively small uniform cells with scant cytoplasm and stippled nuclear chromatin pattern. An ultrastructural hallmark of these tumors is the presence of membrane-bound, electron-dense granules that contain a variety of active peptide moieties. Small cell carcinomas occur in middle age and older individuals with a mean age of 59 years...
Hamartomas are benign mesenchymal neoplasms containing tissues made up of cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. They occur in the trachea, bronchi, and the lung parenchymal tissues and are said to be the most common benign tumors of the lung. Hamartomas, particularly the intraparenchymal variants, are clinically silent in the majority of cases. However, the endobronchial ones present with...
Pleomorphic adenomas are benign neoplasms with mixed epithelial and mesenchymal components that may be endobronchial or parenchymal. They are derived from seromucinous glands of the airway and are similar to those seen in major salivary glands. These tumors are more frequent in men by a factor of about 2:1 with a mean age of 50 years. Productive cough and intermittent dyspnea are manifestations of...
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