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This paper presents a detailed analysis of a dense outdoor 4G small-cell backhaul and access networks using advanced simulation and design tools in a realistic urban environment. First, the RAN is simulated and analyzed. The deployment of a dense small-cell layer leads to a 504% capacity increase (to 332 Mbps/km2) compared to the macro-only network but also to a 199% power consumption rise. The impact...
In this paper we assess the benefit of WiFi offloading over dense urban scenarios in terms of both Quality of Service (QoS) and Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure. This study relies on results obtained with two complementary simulation platforms: a two-tier dynamic system-level simulator and a 3D coverage-based simulator. Outputs are usual service coverage key performance indicators, handover probability...
This paper presents a study on the performance of a dense urban small-cell densification, where the limitations and design challenges related to the wireless small-cell backhaul are considered. While most evaluations of the small-cell capability to increase the end-user experience do simply assume ideal backhaul, here a wireless and capacity-limited backhaul is introduced. The design methodology,...
This paper investigates the possible gain in heterogeneous network power consumption when dynamically switching on or off small-cells depending on user traffic. Using a ray-based propagation model complemented with a space- and time-variant traffic model, the quality of service and power consumption of a large-scale realistic LTE heterogeneous network is assessed. The power consumption of the small-cell...
This paper analyzes LTE-A Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) performance in terms of usual Quality of Service (QoS), energy efficiency and Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure. The main objective is to identify network deployment rules that would allow achieving optimal performance from multiple key indicators taking into account a realistic forecast of wireless data traffic demand growth. This study...
The performance of several LTE-A heterogeneous networks are evaluated with the objective to identify network topologies and configurations that achieve a target Quality of Service (QoS) while minimizing Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure and energy consumption. Characterization of the EMF exposure relies on metrics taking into account contributions from both uplink and downlink. Results are obtained...
This paper presents the benefits of using a 3D ray-based propagation model to rapidly and accurately simulate MIMO performance in various complex urban environments, focusing on the channel rank prediction. The impact of the predicted channel complexity on the channel rank is first analyzed and illustrated in a single cell scenario. Then the MIMO performance is assessed on a heterogeneous LTE network...
LTE and LTE-Advanced have introduced complex system features to improve system capacity. Although exhaustively simulated, it often happens that the simulated capacity figures differ from the actual performance seen in the field. This paper explores the combination of real measurements from LTE devices and realistic propagation models to generate coverage maps that are truly representative of radio...
As wireless cellular networks are facing both a rapid growth of traffic demand and, in some countries, a higher public concern about field exposure, the wireless carriers are seriously considering radio network topology evolution. Deployment of small- or micro-cells, possibly as a complement to the macrocell layout, should offer high local capacity along with a reduced transmit power (at both the...
A time-variant wireless stochastic channel model for femtocell configurations is proposed in this paper. The idea is to introduce time-variant components into geometry-based stochastic channel predictions. The proposed model aims at feeding system-level simulations with realistic non-stationary characteristics for wireless systems serving indoor areas. The model formulation is generic, and has been...
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