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In this paper we evaluate the energy saving strategies for the materials sector with a focus on the aluminum industry. An interconnected dynamic model is constructed to evaluate the strategies independently as well as in combination, such that the intertemporal effects and different interrelations within the material-energy space are accounted for. Both technical and social levers are considered....
With increasing international trade of secondary materials it is imperative to start including it in our analysis of recycling systems. The goal of this work is to set a materials-flow based foundation to do so. We provide a method for calculating the flow of scrap1 materials through an interconnected network of international trade. All analysis is presented through the specific example of copper...
Nano-rutile-titania has been synthesized via a sol–gel route using titanium tetra n-butoxide as the precursor and ethyl alcohol as the solvent at a low temperature of 80°C. When synthesized with HCl as the catalyst, the powders crystallized without calcination, while the materials prepared using acetylacetone as the catalyst required heating to ∼300°C to initiate the crystallization. The anatase to...
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