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The D-pathway in A-type cytochrome c oxidases conducts protons from a conserved aspartate on the negatively charged N-side of the membrane to a conserved glutamic acid at about the middle of the membrane dielectric. Extensive work in the past has indicated that all four protons pumped across the membrane on reduction of O 2 to water are transferred via the D-pathway, and that it is also responsible...
Cytochrome c oxidase is essential for aerobic life as a membrane-bound energy transducer. O 2 reduction at the haem a 3 -Cu B centre consumes electrons transferred via haem a from cytochrome c outside the membrane. Protons are taken up from the inside, both to form water and to be pumped across the membrane (M.K.F. Wikstrom, Nature 266 (1977) 271 [1]; M. Wikstrom, K. Krab,...
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