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The white etching layer (WEL) is a bright layer formed on the surface of steel and revealed when the latter is etched with Nital solution (a solution of nitric acid and ethanol). WELs have been observed on rail running bands for more than half a century. They are brittle, about 3 times harder than the traditional rail steel used. Two mechanisms of white etching layer formation are known such as thermal...
Rail squats remain a major rolling contact fatigue problem for mass transit authorities. Several studies have been conducted to supplement the standard characterization of rail squats. In particular an extensive tribological and metallurgical investigation was performed on samples of incipient squats from various areas. Surfaces and cross-sections of rail samples were observed by optical microscopy...
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