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A heavy ion beam propagating through a hard or near vacuum (< 10−3 torr) is subject to eraittace growth due to the phase space distortions caused by enharmonic self-forces. If the distortion remains uncorrected, an enlarged focal spot results. Analytic predictions of an increase in rms emittance and focal spot size are given for the hard vacuum case and are shown to agree with computer simulations...
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