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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a spectrum of various syndromes that share airflow limitation but differ in many respects. Although airflow limitation is a defining element of COPD, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) alone is not sufficient to explain the heterogeneity of COPD. Phenotypic characterization of clinically relevant subgroups of COPD will increase our understanding...
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