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This study develops a framework to optimize bus assignments and operating practices to routes considering both operating costs and environmental goals. The mixed-integer programming model is applied to the Metro Transit bus system in the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area. The model is used to derive representative solutions on the efficient frontiers between operating costs and emissions, and...
Improvements in energy efficiency change the relative prices of energy services and thus the consumption of those services. This so-called direct rebound effect changes the energy savings that improved efficiency might otherwise achieve. This paper develops a theoretical model that shows the sign of the direct rebound effect depends on the type of energy service. Empirical evidence from the 2009 Residential...
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