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In this study, the material compatibility of refrigerants focusing on hydrofluoroolefines (HFO) with typical polymers in ORC plants and refrigeration units is analyzed with consistent testing conditions and a complete uncertainty analysis of the results. One state-of-the-art refrigerant, namely R245fa, as well as the low-GWP fluids R1233zd-E and R1234yf are taken into account. The investigated polymers...
In the introduction to this book, and to this chapter in particular, the polymer engineering process is presented from a holistic point of view, i.e., with all of its material sources and ramifications. In the sections that follow, this point of view will be demonstrated on the basis of a number of examples of structural component development from the recent past; some of these projects extend into...
Addition polymerization (chain reaction, multistep reaction) and condensation polymerization are very briefly summarized from an engineering perspective. The influences of synthesis on opportunities and risks of raw materials for plastics are listed. This chapter closes with some brief examples of plastics chemical production.
The previous chapters have described the opportunities and risks of plastics as materials, whereas in this chapter and the chapters, “Opportunities and Risks Involved in Designing Structural Components Made of Polymers,” “Plastics and Structural Components – The Environment and Recycling,” they will be discussed in terms of the structural components made of plastics. The opportunities often predominate...
Assuming the goal is sustainable development, it is important, when making ecological decisions, not to ignore economic aspects such as value added and profit use, whereby the profit earned could be put to either technical, social, or economic use. A holistic lifecycle approach therefore aims to support or find solutions that are technical feasible, ecologically, and socially defensible and economically...
Herein we discuss once again the importance of the engineering point of view and provide and overview of all the different steps influencing the engineering of components.
This chapter defines “Environmentally Friendly Polymer Engineering” as the basic organizational system of the first volume of these two books. The classification of plastics, and a list of their main characteristics, follows. This chapter closes with some economic data.
The next step in the engineering cycle after properies is processing. The different process techniques influence the design, properties, and life time of a component during use. Therefore, the opportunities and risks associated with the application of polymer components are also influenced by processing. This chapter summarizes a multitude of processing techniques for the very different kinds and...
The properties of plastics are discussed and summarized, sometimes in comparison with metals and other materials. The temperature and time dependence of the properties related to the polymer structure (thermoplastics, elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, thermosets, and fiber-reinforced plastics) are dealt with. Additives are discussed in a separate section, Sect. 6 because of the importance of these...
Since their first industrial use polymers have gained a tremendous success. The two volumes of "Polymers - Opportunities and Risks" elaborate on both their potentials and on the impact on the environment arising from their production and applications. Volume 11 "Polymers - Opportunities and Risks I: General and Environmental Aspects" is dedicated to the basics of the engineering...
Since their first industrial use polymers have gained a tremendous success. The two volumes of "Polymers - Opportunities and Risks" elaborate on both their potentials and on the impact on the environment arising from their production and applications. Volume 11 "Polymers - Opportunities and Risks I: General and Environmental Aspects" is dedicated to the basics of the engineering...
In einer global vernetzten Marktwirtschaft beschränken sich die Herstellung und Anwendung verschiedener Baumaterialien nur noch selten auf einzelne Länder. Umweltprobleme nehmen weltweit zu und länderspezifische ökologische Produktprofile gewinnen immer mehr an Relevanz. Bei der Erstellung von Ökobilanzen werden aufgrund mangelhafter länderspezifischer ökologischer Daten die benötigen Daten zurzeit...
In recent years, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has become an analytical tool frequently used in many chemical production processes. In particular, on-line measurements are of interest to increase process stability and to document constant product quality. Application to polymer processing e.g. polymer extrusion, could even increase product quality. Interesting parameters are composition of the...
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